Advancing Open Science
for more than 25 years
Supporting academic communities
since 1996
 
26 pages, 1566 KiB  
Article
Unraveling Ghana’s Resource Curse Hypothesis: Analyzing Natural Resources and Economic Growth with a Focus on Oil Exploration
by Joseph Antwi Baafi
Economies 2024, 12(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12040079 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study examines the intricate relationship between natural resource abundance, with a specific focus on oil production, and its impact on economic growth in Ghana. Through the application of the robust Fully Modified OLS methodology and using data spanned from 1960–2021 the research [...] Read more.
This study examines the intricate relationship between natural resource abundance, with a specific focus on oil production, and its impact on economic growth in Ghana. Through the application of the robust Fully Modified OLS methodology and using data spanned from 1960–2021 the research underscores the essential inclusion of oil as a significant variable in comprehending economic growth dynamics. Contrary to traditional resource curse theories, the study unveils a positive nexus between oil production and economic growth, particularly within a comprehensive variable framework. This finding challenges simplistic resource curse notions and underscores the need for a holistic economic perspective. Overall, the results show that the impact of oil production on economic growth is sensitive to the inclusion or exclusion of other variables in the model. In Model 1, where all variables are included, oil production has a significant positive (0.0112**) impact on growth. Ghana’s success in avoiding the resource curse is attributed to a multifaceted strategy encompassing diversified economic approaches, transparent governance, and responsible oil revenue management. Importantly, the inclusion of oil as a pivotal variable is well-justified by its tangible contributions to economic growth. The observed positive impacts emphasize the benefits of harnessing oil resources while maintaining a holistic view of the broader economic context. Looking ahead, the insights inform policymakers in resource-rich nations, illustrating how strategic resource management—illustrated by oil—can drive resilient and comprehensive economic growth. Ghana’s experience serves as a compelling template for informed policy decisions, offering valuable lessons for achieving sustainable prosperity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economics of Energy Market)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
15 pages, 1916 KiB  
Review
Consequences of Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia Associated with High Altitude on Spermatogenesis and Seminal Parameters: A Literature Review
by Carlos Cornejo-Guerra, Camila Salazar-Ardiles, Patricio Morales and David C. Andrade
Cells 2024, 13(7), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13070592 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Preclinical research has provided compelling evidence indicating that exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) results in a deterioration of spermatogenesis. This adverse effect extends to the underlying molecular mechanisms, progressively leading to impairments in the seminiferous epithelium and germ cells and alterations in semen [...] Read more.
Preclinical research has provided compelling evidence indicating that exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) results in a deterioration of spermatogenesis. This adverse effect extends to the underlying molecular mechanisms, progressively leading to impairments in the seminiferous epithelium and germ cells and alterations in semen parameters. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that animals exposed to HH, whether in natural high-altitude environments or under simulated hypoxic conditions, exhibit damage to the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogenesis, an increase in germline cell apoptosis, and structural alterations in the seminiferous tubules. One of the primary mechanisms associated with the inhibition of differentiation and an increase in apoptosis among germ cells is an elevated level of oxidative stress, which has been closely associated with HH exposure. Human studies have shown that individuals exposed to HH, such as mountaineers and alpinists, exhibit decreased sperm count, reduced motility, diminished viability, and increased sperm with abnormal morphology in their semen. This evidence strongly suggests that exposure to HH may be considered a significant risk factor that could elevate the prevalence of male infertility. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive description and propose potential mechanisms that could elucidate the infertility processes induced by HH. By doing so, it contributes to expanding our understanding of the challenges posed by extreme environments on human physiology, opening new avenues for research in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Differentiation of Mammalian Germ Cells)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
18 pages, 647 KiB  
Article
The Power of Responsibility: Unlocking the Potential of CSR in Hospitality’s Fight against Food Waste
by Zhiren Ma, Talles Vianna Brugni, Heiko Hector and Bernd Sauer
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2847; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072847 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This research focuses on the significant role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in shaping employees’ behavior towards the reduction of food waste in the hospitality industry that has been under scrutiny for its environmental impact. The study aimed at understanding how CSR, coupled [...] Read more.
This research focuses on the significant role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in shaping employees’ behavior towards the reduction of food waste in the hospitality industry that has been under scrutiny for its environmental impact. The study aimed at understanding how CSR, coupled with employees’ moral attitudes, admiration for their organization, and climate change awareness influences sustainable practices by realizing the complex interplay between company initiatives and personal psychology. The participants were staff members who worked in several hotels in China where there were active CSR programs. Using established scales, we collected 422 valid responses over three waves to strengthen our data collection process. Empirically, it was found that CSR directly influenced food-waste-reduction behavior. Additionally, it was discovered that this relationship was mediated by moral attitudes and employee admiration as well as moderated by awareness of climate change. The findings have substantial theoretical implications regarding the interaction between emotional and cognitive factors within the CSR framework to influence behavior among employees. This paves the way for creating well-rounded strategies that appeal to staff and encourage sustainability in the hotel business. While focused on China’s hospitality industry, this research creates room for future studies in other places around the world using various methods. The conclusions drawn underline the critical role of CSR in promoting environmental sustainability in the hospitality industry, providing a pathway for organizations to engage employees in meaningful and impactful sustainability initiatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Food Industry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">
17 pages, 2201 KiB  
Article
Three Novel Cheiroid Hyphomycetes in Dictyocheirospora and Dictyosporium (Dictyosporiaceae) from Freshwater Habitats in Guangdong and Guizhou Provinces, China
by Yong-Xin Shu, Mingkwan Doilom, Saranyaphat Boonmee, Biao Xu and Wei Dong
J. Fungi 2024, 10(4), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10040259 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Over the past two decades, numerous novel species have been identified within Dictyosporiaceae, primarily in Dictyocheirospora and Dictyosporium. A recent monograph has revealed that these two genera exhibit a distinct preference for freshwater habitats, particularly in southern China. However, further investigation [...] Read more.
Over the past two decades, numerous novel species have been identified within Dictyosporiaceae, primarily in Dictyocheirospora and Dictyosporium. A recent monograph has revealed that these two genera exhibit a distinct preference for freshwater habitats, particularly in southern China. However, further investigation into the distribution and diversity of the two genera in Guangdong and Guizhou Provinces remains insufficient. In this study, we conducted an analysis of four intriguing cheiroid hyphomycetes collected from flowing rivers in these two regions. Through morphological and phylogenetic analyses incorporating combined LSU, SSU, ITS, and tef1-α sequence data, we have identified them as a novel species in Dictyocheirospora (Dictyoc. submersa sp. nov.), two novel species in Dictyosporium (Dictyos. guangdongense sp. nov. and Dictyos. variabilisporum sp. nov.), and one previously documented species (Dictyos. digitatum). Specifically, the identification of Dictyos. guangdongense is primarily based on its distinct morphology, characterized by complanate, cheiroid, and brown to dark brown conidia, with a hyaline, short, and atrophied appendage arising from the apical cell of the outer row. In addition, the morphological distinctions between Dictyocheirospora and Dictyosporium are further clarified based on our new data. This study also highlights a few phylogenetic matters regarding Dictyosporiaceae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freshwater Fungal Diversity)
13 pages, 3836 KiB  
Article
Abrasive Wear Behavior of Batch Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings
by Thomas Pinger, Marco Brand, Sonja Grothe and Gabriela Marginean
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1547; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071547 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In recent decades, batch hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel has proven itself in practical applications due to the good corrosion resistance of its components. Despite the importance of the mechanical-load-bearing capacity of these coatings, the wear behavior has, so far, only been investigated very [...] Read more.
In recent decades, batch hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel has proven itself in practical applications due to the good corrosion resistance of its components. Despite the importance of the mechanical-load-bearing capacity of these coatings, the wear behavior has, so far, only been investigated very sporadically and not systematically, so a quantification of the wear behavior and statements on the mechanisms are vague. Therefore, two body wear tests with bonded abrasive grain were carried out. Varying the friction rolls, load, and total number of cycles, the wear behavior was investigated. The mass loss and the layer thickness reduction were measured at different intervals. After the test, the microstructure in the cross-section and the hardness according to Vickers (0.01 HV) were evaluated. The results showed that the wear behavior of HDG coatings against abrasive loads can be characterized with the selected test conditions. Initially, the applied load removed the soft η-phase. As the total number of cycles increases, the η- and ζ-phases deform plastically, resulting in a lower mass reduction compared to that expected from the measured layer thickness. The characteristic structure of a batch HDG coating with hard intermetallic Zn-Fe phases and an outer pure zinc phase has demonstrated effective resistance to abrasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Coatings for Wear and Corrosion Applications (Second Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
17 pages, 2372 KiB  
Article
Fucoidan Supplementation Improves Antioxidant Capacity via Regulating the Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Mitochondrial Function in Low-Weaning Weight Piglets
by Chenggang Yin, Qingyue Bi, Wenning Chen, Chengwei Wang, Bianca Castiglioni, Yanpin Li, Wenjuan Sun, Yu Pi, Valentino Bontempo, Xilong Li and Xianren Jiang
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040407 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Fucoidan (FC) is known for its antioxidant properties, but it has unclear effects and mechanisms on weaned piglets. Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimal FC dosage in piglet diets and its protective effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress. In experiment one, [...] Read more.
Fucoidan (FC) is known for its antioxidant properties, but it has unclear effects and mechanisms on weaned piglets. Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimal FC dosage in piglet diets and its protective effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress. In experiment one, 24 low weight weaned piglets were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: a basal diet (FC 0), or a diet supplemented with 150 (FC 150), 300 (FC 300), or 600 mg/kg FC (FC 600). In experiment two, 72 low-weaning weight piglets were randomly allocated into four treatments: a basal diet (CON), or 300 mg/kg of fucoidan added to a basal diet challenged with LPS (100 µg LPS/kg body weight) or not. The results showed that FC treatments increased the G:F ratio, and dietary FC 300 reduced the diarrhea incidence and increased the plasma IGF-1 concentrations. In addition, FC 300 and FC 600 supplementation increased the plasma SOD activity and reduced the plasma MDA concentration. LPS challenge triggered a strong systemic redox imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, dietary FC (300 mg/kg) supplementation increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, decreased the MDA concentration in the plasma and liver, down-regulated Keap1 gene expression, and up-regulated Nrf2, CAT, MFN2, SDHA, and UQCRB gene expression in the liver. These results indicated that dietary fucoidan (300 mg/kg) supplementation improved the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of low-weaning weight piglets, which might be attributed to the modulation of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway and the mitochondrial function in the liver. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Antioxidants for Animal Nutrition)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
24 pages, 1855 KiB  
Article
Spatial Distribution of Soil Macroelements, Their Uptake by Plants, and Green Pea Yield under Strip-till Technology
by Ma?gorzata Szczepanek, Mariusz Piekarczyk and Karolina B?aszczyk
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040711 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Using conservation tillage to grow crops that enhance soil quality, such as legumes, seems to be one of the best solutions for sustainable agriculture. The field study was conducted to identify the effect of soil cultivation technology and fertilization, via strip-tilling (reduced) vs. [...] Read more.
Using conservation tillage to grow crops that enhance soil quality, such as legumes, seems to be one of the best solutions for sustainable agriculture. The field study was conducted to identify the effect of soil cultivation technology and fertilization, via strip-tilling (reduced) vs. plowing (conventional), on the availability and uptake of NPK and Mg, as well as on the growth of shoots and roots and yield of green peas (Pisum sativum L.). The research was carried out in central Poland (53°05′16.8″ N, 19°06′14.4″ E) over two growing seasons of green peas in 2016 and 2017. Our study has shown that the spatial distribution of macroelements in the soil is influenced by the tillage method. The availability and nutrient uptake by green peas, their growth parameters, and yield were also influenced by the tillage system. However, the effect was observed mainly in the first year of the study, which had less precipitation and higher temperatures. In general, in our study, the strip-till has a positive impact on the nutrient uptake by plants, contributing to longer shoots and roots and higher biomass accumulation, especially in the first part of the growing season. In 2016, with less rainfall, green peas under strip-tilling produced more pods per plant and the yield was higher than under plowing (by 13.8%). In 2017, with higher precipitation, an increase in yield under strip-tilling compared to plowing was also observed (by 9.1%), but this difference was not statistically significant. To sum up, strip-tillage seems to have a positive impact on the spatial distribution of macroelements, growth parameters, and yield of green peas, and can be recommended as a technology for the sustainable production of this crop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Research and Extension in Agronomic Soil Fertility Series II)
15 pages, 250 KiB  
Article
Closing the Tobacco Treatment Gap: A Qualitative Study of Tobacco Cessation Service Implementation in Community Pharmacies
by Katy Ellis Hilts, Nervana Elkhadragy, Robin L. Corelli, Micah Hata, Elisa K. Tong, Francis M. Vitale and Karen Suchanek Hudmon
Pharmacy 2024, 12(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12020059 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Tobacco use remains a leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality, with pharmacotherapy and counseling recognized as effective cessation aids. Yet, the potential role of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in tobacco cessation services is underutilized. This study explores the integration of such services [...] Read more.
Tobacco use remains a leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality, with pharmacotherapy and counseling recognized as effective cessation aids. Yet, the potential role of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in tobacco cessation services is underutilized. This study explores the integration of such services in community pharmacies, identifying facilitators and barriers to their implementation. A qualitative study was conducted across seven community pharmacies in California that were affiliated with the Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Network. Participants included 22 pharmacists and 26 pharmacy technicians/clerks who completed tobacco cessation training. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focusing on experiences with implementing cessation services. The analysis was guided by Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory. MAXQDA software was used for data management and thematic analysis. Sixteen pharmacy personnel participated in the study, highlighting key themes around the integration of cessation services. Compatibility with existing workflows, the importance of staff buy-in, and the crucial role of pharmacy technicians emerged as significant facilitators. Challenges included the complexity of billing for services, software limitations for documenting tobacco use and cessation interventions, and gaps in training for handling complex patient cases. Despite these barriers, pharmacies successfully initiated cessation services, with variations in service delivery and follow-up practices. Community pharmacies represent viable settings for delivering tobacco cessation services, with pharmacists and technicians playing pivotal roles. However, systemic changes are needed to address challenges related to billing, documentation, and training. Enhancing the integration of cessation services in community pharmacies could significantly impact public health by increasing access to effective cessation support. Full article
20 pages, 2274 KiB  
Article
Optimal Timing Strategies in the Evolutionary Dynamics of Competitive Supply Chains
by Yongjae Kim
Systems 2024, 12(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12040114 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the dynamics of endogenous order placement timing among competing retailers within a single period, driven by the evolution of demand-forecast information. Despite the critical role of accurate market trends and demand forecasts in determining firm success during selling seasons, the [...] Read more.
This study investigates the dynamics of endogenous order placement timing among competing retailers within a single period, driven by the evolution of demand-forecast information. Despite the critical role of accurate market trends and demand forecasts in determining firm success during selling seasons, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of how firms strategically adjust their order timing with imperfect and evolving information landscapes. By leveraging resources such as predictive analytics systems operated by big data and social media, firms tend to enhance their market demand precision as the selling season approaches, aligning with market practices. With this background, we aim to address the strategic behaviors of competing retailers in timing their orders, filling the aforementioned research gap. We construct a non-cooperative game-theoretical model to analyze the strategic behaviors of competing retailers in timing their orders. The model incorporates factors such as imperfect and evolving information landscapes, considering how firms leverage resources to enhance their market demand precision as the selling season approaches. Our analysis shows two primary equilibria, each shedding light on distinct strategic choices and their implications. First, the better-informed firm decides to execute early orders, capitalizing on the first mover’s advantage, particularly when initial information imprecision exceeds a specific threshold. Conversely, a second equilibrium emerges when the better-informed firm delays its orders, yielding the first mover’s advantage to the less-informed competitor. These equilibria highlight the correlation between order timing strategies and the trajectory of information evolution within the competitive landscape. Additionally, our study extends beyond equilibrium analysis to investigate these strategic choices on supply-chain performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
18 pages, 569 KiB  
Review
Towards Lipid from Microalgae: Products, Biosynthesis, and Genetic Engineering
by Yi Xin, Shan Wu, Congcong Miao, Tao Xu and Yandu Lu
Life 2024, 14(4), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040447 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Microalgae can convert carbon dioxide into organic matter through photosynthesis. Thus, they are considered as an environment-friendly and efficient cell chassis for biologically active metabolites. Microalgal lipids are a class of organic compounds that can be used as raw materials for food, feed, [...] Read more.
Microalgae can convert carbon dioxide into organic matter through photosynthesis. Thus, they are considered as an environment-friendly and efficient cell chassis for biologically active metabolites. Microalgal lipids are a class of organic compounds that can be used as raw materials for food, feed, cosmetics, healthcare products, bioenergy, etc., with tremendous potential for commercialization. In this review, we summarized the commercial lipid products from eukaryotic microalgae, and updated the mechanisms of lipid synthesis in microalgae. Moreover, we reviewed the enhancement of lipids, triglycerides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, and terpenes in microalgae via environmental induction and/or metabolic engineering in the past five years. Collectively, we provided a comprehensive overview of the products, biosynthesis, induced strategies and genetic engineering in microalgal lipids. Meanwhile, the outlook has been presented for the development of microalgal lipids industries, emphasizing the significance of the accurate analysis of lipid bioactivity, as well as the high-throughput screening of microalgae with specific lipids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid Metabolism, Regulation and Biosynthesis of Microalgae)
27 pages, 5080 KiB  
Article
Myrtucommulones and Related Acylphloroglucinols from Myrtaceae as a Promising Source of Multitarget SARS-CoV-2 Cycle Inhibitors
by Simony Carvalho Mendon?a, Brendo Araujo Gomes, Mariana Freire Campos, Thamirys Silva da Fonseca, Maria Eduarda Alves Esteves, Bruce Veiga Andriolo, Caio Felipe de Araujo Ribas Cheohen, Larissa Esteves Carvalho Constant, Stephany da Silva Costa, Pedro Telles Calil, Amanda Resende Tucci, Thamara Kelcya Fonseca de Oliveira, Alice dos Santos Rosa, Vivian Neuza dos Santos Ferreira, Julia Nilo Henrique Lima, Milene Dias Miranda, Luciana Jesus da Costa, Manuela Leal da Silva, Marcus Tullius Scotti, Diego Allonso, Gilda Guimar?es Leit?o and Suzana Guimar?es Leit?oadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040436 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The LABEXTRACT plant extract bank, featuring diverse members of the Myrtaceae family from Brazilian hot spot regions, provides a promising avenue for bioprospection. Given the pivotal roles of the Spike protein and 3CLpro and PLpro proteases in SARS-CoV-2 infection, this study [...] Read more.
The LABEXTRACT plant extract bank, featuring diverse members of the Myrtaceae family from Brazilian hot spot regions, provides a promising avenue for bioprospection. Given the pivotal roles of the Spike protein and 3CLpro and PLpro proteases in SARS-CoV-2 infection, this study delves into the correlations between the Myrtaceae species from the Atlantic Forest and these targets, as well as an antiviral activity through both in vitro and in silico analyses. The results uncovered notable inhibitory effects, with Eugenia prasina and E. mosenii standing out, while E. mosenii proved to be multitarget, presenting inhibition values above 72% in the three targets analyzed. All extracts inhibited viral replication in Calu-3 cells (EC50 was lower than 8.3 µg·mL−1). Chemometric analyses, through LC-MS/MS, encompassing prediction models and molecular networking, identified potential active compounds, such as myrtucommulones, described in the literature for their antiviral activity. Docking analyses showed that one undescribed myrtucommulone (m/z 841 [M − H]) had a higher fitness score when interacting with the targets of this study, including ACE2, Spike, PLpro and 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2. Also, the study concludes that Myrtaceae extracts, particularly from E. mosenii and E. prasina, exhibit promising inhibitory effects against crucial stages in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Compounds like myrtucommulones emerge as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, warranting further exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antiviral Compounds in Medicinal Plants 2023)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
15 pages, 383 KiB  
Article
The Efforts of Government-Driven Reform of Both State and Personal Rites in Early Chosŏn: A Historical Shift from Spiritual Efficacy to Meritorious Practice
by Ch’oe Chongs?k
Religions 2024, 15(4), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15040418 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In the fifteenth century, the government of Chosŏn, Korea, influenced by the new religious understandings from early Ming China, strived to reform state and personal rites by eliminating elements of spiritual efficacy to align with contemporary religious perspectives. This series of ritual reforms [...] Read more.
In the fifteenth century, the government of Chosŏn, Korea, influenced by the new religious understandings from early Ming China, strived to reform state and personal rites by eliminating elements of spiritual efficacy to align with contemporary religious perspectives. This series of ritual reforms mirrored various Ming policies that, despite being appealing theoretically, struggled with implementation due to a mismatch with local and personal realities. This suggests that Chosŏn’s government-led reforms, diverging from traditional beliefs, faced similar challenges in Korea, leading to various problems. This study delves into the ritual transformations prompted by the reforms in the early Chosŏn era. It highlights the government’s partial success in reforming state rites by removing elements of spiritual efficacy despite potential hindrances and deviations from traditional practices. However, this study also notes the failure of reforms concerning personal rites, which did not yield significant results. It reflects on the complexities and implications of these reforms, considering the socio-religious context of the time and the influence of contemporary Ming China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Supernatural in East Asia)
14 pages, 8500 KiB  
Article
Cynaroside Induces G1 Cell Cycle Arrest by Downregulating Cell Division Cycle 25A in Colorectal Cancer
by Shan Lei, Wenpeng Cao, Zhirui Zeng, Lu Wang, Jinzhi Lan and Tengxiang Chen
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071508 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Natural chemicals derived from herbal plants have recently been recognized as potentially useful treatment alternatives owing to their ability to target a wide range of important biological molecules. Cynaroside is one of these natural compounds with promising anticancer activity for numerous tumor types. [...] Read more.
Natural chemicals derived from herbal plants have recently been recognized as potentially useful treatment alternatives owing to their ability to target a wide range of important biological molecules. Cynaroside is one of these natural compounds with promising anticancer activity for numerous tumor types. Nevertheless, the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of action of cynaroside on colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. In this study, cynaroside was found to markedly inhibit CRC cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro. Cynaroside also inhibited cell proliferation in vivo and decreased the expression of KI67, a cell nuclear antigen. RNA sequencing revealed 144 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCT116 cells and 493 DEGs in RKO cells that were enriched in the cell cycle signaling pathway. Cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A), a DEG widely enriched in the cell cycle signaling pathway, is considered a key target of cynaroside in CRC cells. Cynaroside also inhibited DNA replication and arrested cells in the G1/S phase in vitro. The expression levels of CDC25A and related G1-phase proteins were significantly elevated after CDC25A overexpression in CRC cells, which partially reversed the inhibitory effect of cynaroside on CRC cell proliferation and G1/S-phase arrest. In summary, cynaroside may be used to treat CRC as it inhibits CDC25A expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Activity)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
15 pages, 3284 KiB  
Article
First Detection and Circulation of RHDV2 in New Zealand
by Robyn N. Hall, Katherine Trought, Tanja Strive, Janine A. Duckworth and Maria Jenckel
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040519 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhage disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is a highly pathogenic lagovirus that causes lethal disease in rabbits and hares (lagomorphs). Since its first detection in Europe in 2010, RHDV2 has spread worldwide and has been detected in over 35 countries so far. Here, [...] Read more.
Rabbit haemorrhage disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is a highly pathogenic lagovirus that causes lethal disease in rabbits and hares (lagomorphs). Since its first detection in Europe in 2010, RHDV2 has spread worldwide and has been detected in over 35 countries so far. Here, we provide the first detailed report of the detection and subsequent circulation of RHDV2 in New Zealand. RHDV2 was first detected in New Zealand in 2018, with positive samples retrospectively identified in December 2017. Subsequent time-resolved phylogenetic analysis suggested a single introduction into the North Island between March and November 2016. Genetic analysis identified a GI.3P-GI.2 variant supporting a non-Australian origin for the incursion; however, more accurate identification of the source of the incursion remains challenging due to the wide global distribution of the GI.3P-GI.2 variant. Furthermore, our analysis suggests the spread of the virus between the North and South Islands of New Zealand at least twice, dated to mid-2017 and around 2018. Further phylogenetic analysis also revealed a strong phylogeographic pattern. So far, no recombination events with endemic benign New Zealand rabbit caliciviruses have been identified. This study highlights the need for further research and surveillance to monitor the distribution and diversity of lagoviruses in New Zealand and to detect incursions of novel variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabbit Viral Diseases)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
27 pages, 1241 KiB  
Article
Computational Ensemble Gene Co-Expression Networks for the Analysis of Cancer Biomarkers
by Julia Figueroa-Martínez, Dulcenombre M. Saz-Navarro, Aurelio López-Fernández, Domingo S. Rodríguez-Baena and Francisco A. Gómez-Vela
Informatics 2024, 11(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11020014 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Gene networks have become a powerful tool for the comprehensive examination of gene expression patterns. Thanks to these networks generated by means of inference algorithms, it is possible to study different biological processes and even identify new biomarkers for such diseases. These biomarkers [...] Read more.
Gene networks have become a powerful tool for the comprehensive examination of gene expression patterns. Thanks to these networks generated by means of inference algorithms, it is possible to study different biological processes and even identify new biomarkers for such diseases. These biomarkers are essential for the discovery of new treatments for genetic diseases such as cancer. In this work, we introduce an algorithm for genetic network inference based on an ensemble method that improves the robustness of the results by combining two main steps: first, the evaluation of the relationship between pairs of genes using three different co-expression measures, and, subsequently, a voting strategy. The utility of this approach was demonstrated by applying it to a human dataset encompassing breast and prostate cancer-associated stromal cells. Two gene networks were computed using microarray data, one for breast cancer and one for prostate cancer. The results obtained revealed, on the one hand, distinct stromal cell behaviors in breast and prostate cancer and, on the other hand, a list of potential biomarkers for both diseases. In the case of breast tumor, ST6GAL2, RIPOR3, COL5A1, and DEPDC7 were found, and in the case of prostate tumor, the genes were GATA6-AS1, ARFGEF3, PRR15L, and APBA2. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the ensemble method in the field of biomarker discovery. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
12 pages, 568 KiB  
Article
Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Epidemiology, and Survival: A Retrospective Seven Years Study
by Calin Burciu, Roxana Sirli, Renata Bende, Deiana Vuletici, Bogdan Miutescu, Tudor Moga, Felix Bende, Alina Popescu, Ioan Sporea, Oana Koppandi, Eftimie Miutescu, Dana Iovanescu and Mirela Danila
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040552 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Liver cancer poses a significant global health threat, ranking among the top three causes of cancer-related deaths. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often present with symptoms associated with neoplasms or unusual clinical features such as paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS), including hypoglycemia, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Liver cancer poses a significant global health threat, ranking among the top three causes of cancer-related deaths. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often present with symptoms associated with neoplasms or unusual clinical features such as paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS), including hypoglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, thrombocytosis, and erythrocytosis. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and survival outcomes associated with PNS in HCC patients and assess each PNS’s impact on patient survival. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of PNS clinical features and survival among consecutive HCC patients diagnosed at our department over seven years, comparing them with HCC patients without PNS. The study involved a retrospective data evaluation from 378 patients diagnosed with HCC between January 2016 and October 2023. Results: We obtained a PNS prevalence of 25.7%, with paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia at 10.9%, hypoglycemia at 6.9%, erythrocytosis at 4.5%, and thrombocytosis at 3.4%. Patients with PNS tended to be younger and predominantly male. Multivariate analysis revealed a strong correlation between PNS and levels of alpha-fetoprotein and tumor size, with diabetes also showing a significant statistical association (p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis based on specific paraneoplastic syndromes demonstrated shorter survival in patients with PNS, albeit without significant statistical differences, except for hypoglycemia (p < 0.0001). Matched analysis indicated a shorter survival rate for patients with PNS, although no significant statistical differences were observed. Conclusions: PNS are frequently observed in HCC cases and are associated with unfavorable prognoses and decreased survival rates due to their correlation with increased tumor burdens. However, they do not independently predict poor survival. The impact of individual PNS on HCC prognosis varies. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">
17 pages, 567 KiB  
Article
GSTM1 and GSTP1 Polymorphisms Affect Outcome in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
by Milica Stojkovic Lalosevic, Vesna Coric, Tatjana Pekmezovic, Tatjana Simic, Aleksandra Pavlovic Markovic and Marija Pljesa Ercegovac
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040553 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Despite improvements in screening programs, a large number of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed in an advanced disease stage. Previous investigations imply that glutathione transferases (GSTs) might be associated with the development and progression of CRC. Moreover, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Despite improvements in screening programs, a large number of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed in an advanced disease stage. Previous investigations imply that glutathione transferases (GSTs) might be associated with the development and progression of CRC. Moreover, the detoxification mechanism of oxaliplatin, which represents the first line of treatment for advanced CRC, is mediated via certain GSTs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of certain GST genetic variants on CRC prognosis and the efficacy of oxaliplatin-based treatment. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 523 patients diagnosed with CRC in the period between 2014 and 2016, at the Digestive Surgery Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade. Patients were followed for a median of 43.47 ± 17.01 months (minimum 1–63 months). Additionally, 109 patients with advanced disease, after surgical treatment, received FOLFOX6 treatment as a first-line therapy between 2014 and 2020. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze cumulative survival, and the Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to study the effects of different GST genotypes on overall survival. Results: Individuals with the GSTM1-null genotype and the GSTP1 IleVal+ValVal (variant) genotype had significantly shorter survival when compared to referent genotypes (GSTM1-active and GSTP1 IleIle) (log-rank: p = 0.001). Moreover, individuals with the GSTM1-null genotype who received 5-FU-based treatment had statistically significantly shorter survival when compared to individuals with the GSTM1-active genotype (log-rank: p = 0.05). Conclusions: Both GSTM1-null and GSTP1 IleVal+ValVal (variant) genotypes are associated with significantly shorter survival in CRC patients. What is more, the GSTM1-null genotype is associated with shorter survival in patients receiving FOLOFOX6 treatment. Full article
11 pages, 421 KiB  
Article
Treatment of Osteoporosis in Men on Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Japan
by Hanako Nishimoto, Atsuyuki Inui, Yutaka Mifune, Kohei Yamaura, Yukari Bando, Yasuyoshi Okamura, Takuto Hara, Tomoaki Terakawa and Ryosuke Kuroda
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040551 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer has greatly improved treatment outcomes. As patient survival rates have increased, reports of decreased bone density and increased bone fractures as side effects of ADT have emerged. The prevalence of osteoporosis in Japanese [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer has greatly improved treatment outcomes. As patient survival rates have increased, reports of decreased bone density and increased bone fractures as side effects of ADT have emerged. The prevalence of osteoporosis in Japanese men was 4.6%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of osteoporosis treatment in prostate cancer patients who underwent ADT in Japan. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 33 male patients who had undergone ADT for prostate cancer, who were noted to have decreased bone density. Mean age was 76.2 ± 7.7 years (64–87). Medications included vitamin D in one case, bisphosphonates (BP) in 27 cases, and denosumab in five cases. The evaluation method examined the rate of change in bone mineral density (BMD) before osteoporosis treatment and 1 year after. For comparison, a group without osteoporosis treatment intervention (n = 33) was selected, and matched for prostate cancer treatment and age. The rate of change in trabecular bone score (TBS) was also calculated. Results: The percentage changes in BMD before and 1 year after treatment were as follows: lumbar spine, 7.1 ± 5.8% in the treatment group versus −3.9 ± 4.1% in the no treatment group; femoral neck, 5.5 ± 6.2% in the treatment group versus −0.9 ± 3.9% in the no treatment group; total femur, 6.6 ± 6.4% in the treatment group versus the no treatment group which was −1.7 ± 3.2%. In all cases, there was a clear significant difference (p < 0.01). The percent change in TBS was further calculated in the same manner. There was no significant difference between the two groups: +1.7 ± 3.8% in the treated group versus +0.3 ± 4.1% in the untreated group. Conclusions: Osteoporosis treatment in Japanese patients with prostate cancer on ADT therapy was found to significantly increase BMD compared to the untreated group. BP and denosumab were found to be very effective in increasing BMD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Osteoporosis)
11 pages, 613 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Different Strength Measurement in Taekwondo: Herman Trainer, Manual Tester, and Standing Long Jump
by Ay?e Hazal Boyanm??, ?nci Kesilmi?, Manolya Ak?n, Buse Yilmaz, A?ina Uslular, Yesim Karac Ocal and Hulya Andre
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040550 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objective: The accurate prediction of strength development relies on identifying the most appropriate measurement methods. This study compared diverse strength measurement techniques to assess their effectiveness in predicting strength development. Participants were taekwondo athletes competing at the red–black belt level [...] Read more.
Background and Objective: The accurate prediction of strength development relies on identifying the most appropriate measurement methods. This study compared diverse strength measurement techniques to assess their effectiveness in predicting strength development. Participants were taekwondo athletes competing at the red–black belt level or above. Methods: Technical striking forces (palding, dollyeo chagi, dwit chagi, and yeop chagi) were measured using a Herman Digital Trainer fixed to a striking stand. Quadriceps and hamstring strength were assessed with a Lafayette force measuring device. Explosive leg strength was evaluated through a standing long jump test, normalized for leg length. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine relationships between measurement methods. Results: The standing long jump test showed no significant correlation with other strength assessments. A moderate positive correlation was found between Herman digital trainer measurements and Lafayette digital hand-held dynamometer results. A high positive correlation (r = 0.736, p < 0.001) emerged between hamstring strength and palding chagi technical strike force results. Technical strike kicks showed a significant positive correlation with each other and, also, a right foot–left foot correlation was observed. Conclusions: It was concluded that the standing long jump test, which was shown as one of the explosive leg strength measurement methods in field studies as an alternative to laboratory tests, did not correlate with other strength tests; therefore, this test is weak and insufficient to predict strength skills in taekwondo. In addition, this study showed that the hamstring muscle was more predictive in the measurement of technical strength. In future studies, it might be more useful to measure hamstring muscle strength or technical kick strength instead of a standing long jump field test. Full article
14 pages, 7898 KiB  
Review
In-Stent Restenosis Overview: From Intravascular Imaging to Optimal Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Management
by Neda Shafiabadi Hassani, Lucas Carlini Ogliari, Pedro Rafael Vieira de Oliveira Salerno, Gabriel Tensol Rodrigues Pereira, Marcelo Harada Ribeiro and Luis Augusto Palma Dallan
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040549 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Despite ongoing progress in stent technology and deployment techniques, in-stent restenosis (ISR) still remains a major issue following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and accounts for 10.6% of all interventions in the United States. With the continuous rise in ISR risk factors such as [...] Read more.
Despite ongoing progress in stent technology and deployment techniques, in-stent restenosis (ISR) still remains a major issue following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and accounts for 10.6% of all interventions in the United States. With the continuous rise in ISR risk factors such as obesity and diabetes, along with an increase in the treatment of complex lesions with high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (CHIP), a substantial growth in ISR burden is expected. This review aims to provide insight into the mechanisms, classification, and management of ISR, with a focus on exploring innovative approaches to tackle this complication comprehensively, along with a special section addressing the approach to complex calcified lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
11 pages, 1385 KiB  
Review
Successful Needle Aspiration of a Traumatic Pneumothorax: A Case Report and Literature Review
by Giuseppe Bettoni, Silvia Gheda, Michele Altomare, Stefano Piero Bernardo Cioffi, Davide Ferrazzi, Michela Cazzaniga, Luca Bonacchini, Stefania Cimbanassi and Paolo Aseni
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040548 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Traumatic pneumothorax (PTX) occurs in up to 50% of patients with severe polytrauma and chest injuries. Patients with a traumatic PTX with clinical signs of tension physiology and hemodynamic instability are typically treated with an urgent decompressive thoracostomy, tube thoracostomy, or needle decompression. [...] Read more.
Traumatic pneumothorax (PTX) occurs in up to 50% of patients with severe polytrauma and chest injuries. Patients with a traumatic PTX with clinical signs of tension physiology and hemodynamic instability are typically treated with an urgent decompressive thoracostomy, tube thoracostomy, or needle decompression. There is recent evidence that non-breathless patients with a hemodynamically stable traumatic PTX can be managed conservatively through observation or a percutaneous pigtail catheter. We present here a 52-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with a 55 mm traumatic PTX. Following aspiration of 1500 mL of air, a clinical improvement was immediately observed, allowing the patient to be discharged shortly thereafter. In hemodynamically stable patients with a post-traumatic PTX, without specific risk factors or oxygen desaturation, observation or simple needle aspiration can be a reasonable approach. Although the recent medical literature supports conservative management of small traumatic PTXs, guidelines are lacking for hemodynamically stable patients with a significantly large PTX. This case report documents our successful experience with needle aspiration in such a setting of large traumatic PTX. We aimed in this article to review the available literature on needle aspiration and conservative treatment of traumatic pneumothorax. A total of 12 studies were selected out of 190 articles on traumatic PTX where conservative treatment and chest tube decompression were compared. Our case report offers a novel contribution by illustrating the successful resolution of a sizable pneumothorax through needle aspiration, suggesting that even a large PTX in a hemodynamically stable patient, without other risk conditions, can be successfully treated conservatively with simple needle aspiration in order to avoid tube thoracostomy complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Emergency Medicine)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">
11 pages, 532 KiB  
Article
Quality of Life after Treatment for Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Real-World Study: Recommendations, Vaginal Pessary, and Surgery
by Dominyka Man?inskien?, Migl? Mik?nait?, Mark Barakat, Justina Ka?erauskien?, Dalia Regina Railait?, Laima Maleckien?, Arnoldas Bartusevi?ius and Egl? Bartusevi?ien?
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040547 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition in women, with its prevalence increasing with age, and can significantly impact the quality of life (QOL) of many individuals. The objective of this study was to assess the overall improvement, quality [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition in women, with its prevalence increasing with age, and can significantly impact the quality of life (QOL) of many individuals. The objective of this study was to assess the overall improvement, quality of life, and continuation of primary treatment for POP over a 24-month period in a real-world setting. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective, observational, follow-up study of women with symptomatic POP who, as a primary treatment, opted for recommendations (lifestyle changes and pelvic floor muscle training), pessary therapy, or surgery. The primary outcome measure was a subjective improvement at the 24-month follow-up, measured with the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) scale. Secondary outcome measures were the continuation rate of the primary treatment method, reason for discontinuation, and the quality of life evaluated with the P-QoL questionnaire. Results: We included 137 women, with 45 women (32.8%) in the recommendations group, 39 (28.5%) in the pessary group, and 53 women (38.7%) in the surgery group. After 24 months, surgery, in comparison with pessary treatment and recommendations, resulted in significantly more women reporting a subjective improvement: 89.6%, 66.7%, and 22.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. Overall, 52% of women from the recommendations group and 36.4% from the pessary group switched to another treatment or discontinued the primary treatment within 24 months. However, women who continued the primary treatment, pessary use, and surgery showed similar subjective improvements (90.5% and 89.6%, respectively) and quality-of-life improvement. Conclusions: The chance of significant improvement was higher following surgery. However, after 24 months, both vaginal pessaries and surgery showed an important quality-of life improvement and can be proposed as primary treatment methods for pelvic organ prolapse. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">
19 pages, 13616 KiB  
Article
Synthetic-to-Real Composite Semantic Segmentation in Additive Manufacturing
by Aliaksei Petsiuk, Harnoor Singh, Himanshu Dadhwal and Joshua M. Pearce
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8020066 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The application of computer vision and machine learning methods for semantic segmentation of the structural elements of 3D-printed products in the field of additive manufacturing (AM) can improve real-time failure analysis systems and potentially reduce the number of defects by providing additional tools [...] Read more.
The application of computer vision and machine learning methods for semantic segmentation of the structural elements of 3D-printed products in the field of additive manufacturing (AM) can improve real-time failure analysis systems and potentially reduce the number of defects by providing additional tools for in situ corrections. This work demonstrates the possibilities of using physics-based rendering for labeled image dataset generation, as well as image-to-image style transfer capabilities to improve the accuracy of real image segmentation for AM systems. Multi-class semantic segmentation experiments were carried out based on the U-Net model and the cycle generative adversarial network. The test results demonstrated the capacity of this method to detect such structural elements of 3D-printed parts as a top (last printed) layer, infill, shell, and support. A basis for further segmentation system enhancement by utilizing image-to-image style transfer and domain adaptation technologies was also considered. The results indicate that using style transfer as a precursor to domain adaptation can improve real 3D printing image segmentation in situations where a model trained on synthetic data is the only tool available. The mean intersection over union (mIoU) scores for synthetic test datasets included 94.90% for the entire 3D-printed part, 73.33% for the top layer, 78.93% for the infill, 55.31% for the shell, and 69.45% for supports. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Advanced Manufacturing)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">

Open Access Journals

Browse by Indexing Browse by Subject Selected Journals
Back to TopTop
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news