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14 pages, 1270 KiB  
Article
Acoustic Target Strength of Thornfish (Terapon jarbua) Based on the Kirchhoff-Ray Mode Model
by Bin Li, Jiahao Liu, Xiujing Gao, Hongwu Huang, Fang Wang and Zhuoya Huang
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071279 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Thornfish (Terapon jarbua) is a significantly commercial species inhabiting the shallow coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. To achieve effective underwater acoustic (UWA) monitoring on the abundance and population dynamics of this species, the comprehensive target strength (TS) characteristics should be [...] Read more.
Thornfish (Terapon jarbua) is a significantly commercial species inhabiting the shallow coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. To achieve effective underwater acoustic (UWA) monitoring on the abundance and population dynamics of this species, the comprehensive target strength (TS) characteristics should be investigated and understood. In this study, the Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) model was adopted to evaluate and analyze the acoustic TS of T. jarbua and its variations with the sound wave frequency, pitch angle distributions as well as morphological characteristics in the South China Sea. A total of 19 samples were captured and evaluated at four types of frequencies of 38 kHz, 70 kHz, 120 kHz, and 200 kHz. The results demonstrated that the TS of T. jarbua varied with the pitch angle shifts, and the number of secondary TS peaks increased as the increasing frequency accordingly. Two classic pitch angle distributions that included N[−5°, 15°] and N[−0°, 10°] were adopted to calculate the average TS of T. jarbua. The fitted TS-L regression formulations and the standard b20 form equations were determined at different pitch angle distributions as well as frequencies. These results could support the accurate and reliable UWA abundance estimation in the South China Sea to facilitate a better understanding of the abundance and population dynamics of T. jarbua. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Challenges in Sonar Signal Processing)
19 pages, 1198 KiB  
Review
Applications of Flow Cytometry in Drug Discovery and Translational Research
by Sumana Ullas and Charles Sinclair
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3851; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073851 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a mainstay technique in cell biology research, where it is used for phenotypic analysis of mixed cell populations. Quantitative approaches have unlocked a deeper value of flow cytometry in drug discovery research. As the number of drug modalities and druggable [...] Read more.
Flow cytometry is a mainstay technique in cell biology research, where it is used for phenotypic analysis of mixed cell populations. Quantitative approaches have unlocked a deeper value of flow cytometry in drug discovery research. As the number of drug modalities and druggable mechanisms increases, there is an increasing drive to identify meaningful biomarkers, evaluate the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), and translate these insights into the evaluation of patients enrolled in early clinical trials. In this review, we discuss emerging roles for flow cytometry in the translational setting that supports the transition and evaluation of novel compounds in the clinic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects of Flow Cytometry in Cell and Molecular Biology)
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14 pages, 14448 KiB  
Article
Nickel Nanoparticles: Insights into Sintering Dynamics
by Lucia Bajto?ová, Barbora Kihoulou, Rostislav Králík, Jan Hanu? and Miroslav Cieslar
Crystals 2024, 14(4), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14040321 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The sintering dynamics of nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) were investigated through a comprehensive approach that included in situ transmission electron microscopy annealing and molecular dynamics simulations. This study systematically examines the transformation behaviors of Ni NP agglomerates over a temperature spectrum from room [...] Read more.
The sintering dynamics of nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) were investigated through a comprehensive approach that included in situ transmission electron microscopy annealing and molecular dynamics simulations. This study systematically examines the transformation behaviors of Ni NP agglomerates over a temperature spectrum from room temperature to 850 °C. Experimental observations, supported by molecular dynamics simulations, revealed the essential influence of rotational and translational motions of particles, especially at lower temperatures, on sintering outcomes. The effect of the orientation of particles on the sintering process was confirmed, with initial configurations markedly determining sintering efficiency and dynamics. Calculated activation energies from this investigation follow those reported in the literature, confirming surface diffusion as the predominant mechanism driving the sintering of Ni NPs. Full article
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19 pages, 2352 KiB  
Article
Evolution Laws of Water-Flowing Fracture Zone and Mine Pressure in Mining Shallow-Buried, Hard, and Extra-Thick Coal Seams
by Zhongya Wu, Qiang Sun and Yunbo Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2915; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072915 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Shallow-buried, hard, and extra-thick coal seams are very common in Xinjiang, China, but there are relatively few studies on the mine pressure law and the development characteristics of water-flowing fracture zones (WFFZs) during the mining of such coal seams. In this paper, the [...] Read more.
Shallow-buried, hard, and extra-thick coal seams are very common in Xinjiang, China, but there are relatively few studies on the mine pressure law and the development characteristics of water-flowing fracture zones (WFFZs) during the mining of such coal seams. In this paper, the mine pressure of the top coal caving face in a shallow, hard coal seam with a hard roof and full bedrock (SHCSHRFB) is analysed, the laws of the surrounding rock deformation and stress of the open-off cut and roadway in the large-mining-height top coal caving face are studied, the characteristics of roof-breaking and overburden fracture development are analysed using the physical similarity simulation method, supporting suggestions for roadways are put forward, and three development stages of the WFFZ are analysed. Field monitoring shows that the hydraulic support stress in SHCSHRFB is weak, but the coal wall and roadway stability are good, which is significantly different from the results in the typical shallow-buried thin bedrock working faces. The measured height of the WFFZ is close to the physical similarity simulation results, but quite different from those arising from use of the empirical formula. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)
15 pages, 2360 KiB  
Article
Targeted DNA Sequencing of Cutaneous Melanoma Identifies Prognostic and Predictive Alterations
by Alexandra M. Haugh, Robert C. Osorio, Rony A. Francois, Michael E. Tawil, Katy K. Tsai, Michael Tetzlaff, Adil Daud and Harish N. Vasudevan
Cancers 2024, 16(7), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071347 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous melanoma (CM) can be molecularly classified into four groups: BRAF mutant, NRAS mutant, NF1 mutant and triple wild-type (TWT) tumors lacking any of these three alterations. In the era of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and targeted molecular therapy, the clinical significance [...] Read more.
Background: Cutaneous melanoma (CM) can be molecularly classified into four groups: BRAF mutant, NRAS mutant, NF1 mutant and triple wild-type (TWT) tumors lacking any of these three alterations. In the era of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and targeted molecular therapy, the clinical significance of these groups remains unclear. Here, we integrate targeted DNA sequencing with comprehensive clinical follow-up in CM patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study that assessed clinical and molecular features from patients with localized or metastatic CM who underwent targeted next-generation sequencing as part of routine clinical care. A total of 254 patients with CM who had a CLIA-certified targeted sequencing assay performed on their tumor tissue were included. Results: Of the 254 patients with cutaneous melanoma, 77 were BRAF mutant (30.3%), 77 were NRAS mutant (30.3%), 47 were NF1 mutant (18.5%), 33 were TWT (13.0%) and the remaining 20 (7.9%) carried mutations in multiple driver genes (BRAF/NRAS/NF1 co-mutated). The majority of this co-mutation group carried mutations in NF1 (n = 19 or 90%) with co-occurring mutations in BRAF or NRAS, often with a weaker oncogenic variant. Consistently, NF1 mutant tumors harbored numerous significantly co-altered genes compared to BRAF or NRAS mutant tumors. The majority of TWT tumors (n = 29, 87.9%) harbor a pathogenic mutation within a known Ras/MAPK signaling pathway component. Of the 154 cases with available TMB data, the median TMB was 20 (range 0.7–266 mutations/Mb). A total of 14 cases (9.1%) were classified as having a low TMB (≤5 mutations/Mb), 64 of 154 (41.6%) had an intermediate TMB (>5 and ≤20 mutations/Mb), 40 of 154 (26.0%) had a high TMB (>20 and ≤50 mutations/Mb) and 36 of 154 (23.4%) were classified as having a very high TMB (>50 mutations/Mb). NRAS mutant melanoma demonstrated significantly decreased overall survival on multivariable analysis (HR for death 2.95, 95% CI 1.13–7.69, p = 0.027, log-rank test) compared with other TCGA molecular subgroups. Of the 116 patients in our cohort with available treatment data, 36 received a combination of dual ICI with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 inhibition as first-line therapy. Elevated TMB was associated with significantly longer progression-free survival following dual-agent ICI (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.07–0.90, p = 0.033, log-rank test). Conclusions: NRAS mutation in CMs correlated with significantly worse overall survival. Elevated TMB was associated with increased progression-free survival for patients treated with a combination of dual ICI, supporting the potential utility of TMB as a predictive biomarker for ICI response in melanoma. Full article
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53 pages, 1435 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Regenerative Hydrogels in Skin Wound Treatment: A Comprehensive Review
by Gabriel Olteanu, Sorinel Marius Neac?u, Florin Alexandru Joi?a, Adina Magdalena Musuc, Elena Carmen Lupu, Corina-Bianca Ioni??-M?ndrican, Dumitru Lupuliasa and Magdalena Mititelu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3849; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073849 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review explores the emerging field of regenerative hydrogels and their profound impact on the treatment of skin wounds. Regenerative hydrogels, composed mainly of water-absorbing polymers, have garnered attention in wound healing, particularly for skin wounds. Their unique properties make them well [...] Read more.
This state-of-the-art review explores the emerging field of regenerative hydrogels and their profound impact on the treatment of skin wounds. Regenerative hydrogels, composed mainly of water-absorbing polymers, have garnered attention in wound healing, particularly for skin wounds. Their unique properties make them well suited for tissue regeneration. Notable benefits include excellent water retention, creating a crucially moist wound environment for optimal healing, and facilitating cell migration, and proliferation. Biocompatibility is a key feature, minimizing adverse reactions and promoting the natural healing process. Acting as a supportive scaffold for cell growth, hydrogels mimic the extracellular matrix, aiding the attachment and proliferation of cells like fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Engineered for controlled drug release, hydrogels enhance wound healing by promoting angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and preventing infection. The demonstrated acceleration of the wound healing process, particularly beneficial for chronic or impaired healing wounds, adds to their appeal. Easy application and conformity to various wound shapes make hydrogels practical, including in irregular or challenging areas. Scar minimization through tissue regeneration is crucial, especially in cosmetic and functional regions. Hydrogels contribute to pain management by creating a protective barrier, reducing friction, and fostering a soothing environment. Some hydrogels, with inherent antimicrobial properties, aid in infection prevention, which is a crucial aspect of successful wound healing. Their flexibility and ability to conform to wound contours ensure optimal tissue contact, enhancing overall treatment effectiveness. In summary, regenerative hydrogels present a promising approach for improving skin wound healing outcomes across diverse clinical scenarios. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits, mechanisms, and challenges associated with the use of regenerative hydrogels in the treatment of skin wounds. In this review, the authors likely delve into the application of rational design principles to enhance the efficacy and performance of hydrogels in promoting wound healing. Through an exploration of various methodologies and approaches, this paper is poised to highlight how these principles have been instrumental in refining the design of hydrogels, potentially revolutionizing their therapeutic potential in addressing skin wounds. By synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting potential avenues for future research, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of regenerative medicine and ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with skin wounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rational Design and Application of Functional Hydrogels)
18 pages, 1076 KiB  
Article
Fractal Operators and Convergence Analysis in Fractional Viscoelastic Theory
by Xiaobin Yu and Yajun Yin
Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(4), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8040200 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study delves into the convergence of operators and the viscoelastic properties of fractal ladder and tree structures. It proves the convergence of fractal stiffness operators through operator algebra, revealing a fundamental connection between operator sequence limits and fractal operator algebraic equations. Our [...] Read more.
This study delves into the convergence of operators and the viscoelastic properties of fractal ladder and tree structures. It proves the convergence of fractal stiffness operators through operator algebra, revealing a fundamental connection between operator sequence limits and fractal operator algebraic equations. Our findings demonstrate that, as the hierarchical levels of these structures increase, their viscoelastic responses increasingly align with the fractional viscoelastic behavior observed in infinite-level fractal structures. We explore the similarity in creep and relaxation behaviors between fractal ladders and trees, emphasizing the emergence of ultra-long characteristic times in steady-state creep and pronounced tailing effects in relaxation curves. This research provides novel insights into the design of fractional-order viscoelastic structures, presenting significant implications for materials science and mechanical engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractal and Fractional in Geotechnical Engineering)
22 pages, 8598 KiB  
Article
The Green Development in Saline–Alkali Lands: The Evolutionary Game Framework of Small Farmers, Family Farms, and Seed Industry Enterprises
by Yusheng Chen, Zhaofa Sun, Yanmei Wang, Ye Ma and Yongwei Zhou
Land 2024, 13(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040436 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Amid global climate change and population growth, the prevalence of saline–alkali lands significantly hampers sustainable agricultural development. This study employs theories of asymmetric information and bounded rationality to construct an evolutionary game model, analyzing the interactions among small farmers, family farms, and seed [...] Read more.
Amid global climate change and population growth, the prevalence of saline–alkali lands significantly hampers sustainable agricultural development. This study employs theories of asymmetric information and bounded rationality to construct an evolutionary game model, analyzing the interactions among small farmers, family farms, and seed industry enterprises in the context of saline–alkali land management. It investigates the strategic choices and dynamics of these stakeholders under the influence of economic incentives and risk perceptions, with a focus on how government policies can foster green development. Utilizing Delay Differential Equations (DDEs) for simulations, this study highlights the risk of “market failure” without government intervention and underscores the need for government participation to stabilize and improve the efficiency of the green development process. The findings reveal that factors such as initial willingness to participate, the economic viability of salt-tolerant crops, seed pricing, research and development costs, and the design of incentive policies are crucial for sustainable land use. Accordingly, the paper proposes specific policy measures to enhance green development, including strengthening information dissemination and technical training, increasing the economic attractiveness of salt-tolerant crops, alleviating research and development pressures on seed companies, and optimizing economic incentives. This study provides a theoretical and policy framework for the sustainable management of saline–alkali lands, offering insights into the behavioral choices of agricultural stakeholders and supporting government strategies for agricultural and environmental protection. Full article
18 pages, 2202 KiB  
Article
Channel Expansion in the Ligand-Binding Domain of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Contributes to the Activity of Highly Potent Glucocorticoid Analogues
by Wesley B. Seaton, Susan J. Burke, Alexander R. Fisch, William A. Schilletter, Mary Grace A. Beck, Gabrielle A. Cassagne, Innocence Harvey, Molly S. Fontenot, J. Jason Collier and Shawn R. Campagna
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071546 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) act through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and are commonly used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant medications. Chronic GC use has been linked with unwanted complications such as steroid-induced diabetes mellitus (SIDM), although the mechanisms for these effects are not completely understood. Modification [...] Read more.
Glucocorticoids (GCs) act through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and are commonly used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant medications. Chronic GC use has been linked with unwanted complications such as steroid-induced diabetes mellitus (SIDM), although the mechanisms for these effects are not completely understood. Modification of six GC parent molecules with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole resulted in consistently less promoter activity in transcriptional activation assays using a 3xGRE reporter construct while constantly reducing inflammatory pathway activity. The most selective candidate, DX1, demonstrated a significant reduction (87%) in transactivation compared to commercially available dexamethasone. DX1 also maintained 90% of the anti-inflammatory potential of dexamethasone while simultaneously displaying a reduced toxicity profile. Additionally, two novel and highly potent compounds, DX4 and PN4, were developed and shown to elicit similar mRNA expression at attomolar concentrations that dexamethasone exhibits at nanomolar dosages. To further explain these results, Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations were performed to examine structural changes in the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in response to docking with the top ligands. Differing interactions with the transcriptional activation function 2 (AF-2) region of the GR may be responsible for lower transactivation capacity in DX1. DX4 and PN4 lose contact with Arg611 due to a key interaction changing from a stronger hydrophilic to a weaker hydrophobic one, which leads to the formation of an unoccupied channel at the location of the deacylcortivazol (DAC)-expanded binding pocket. These findings provide insights into the structure–function relationships important for regulating anti-inflammatory activity, which has implications for clinical utility. Full article
11 pages, 410 KiB  
Article
Minimally Invasive Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Prospective Comparative Analysis between Bulking Agent and Single-Incision Sling
by Lorenzo Campanella, Gianluca Gabrielli, Erika Chiodo, Vitaliana Stefanachi, Ermelinda Pennacchini, Debora Grilli, Giovanni Grossi, Pietro Cignini, Andrea Morciano, Marzio Angelo Zullo, Pierluigi Palazzetti, Carlo Rappa, Marco Calcagno, Vincenzo Spina, Mauro Cervigni and Michele Carlo Schiavi
Healthcare 2024, 12(7), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070751 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Introduction: The study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of bulking agents and single-incision slings in the treatment of urinary incontinence in 159 patients during a 29-month follow-up period. Material and methods: Of the 159 patients suffering from stress urinary incontinence, 64 [...] Read more.
Introduction: The study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of bulking agents and single-incision slings in the treatment of urinary incontinence in 159 patients during a 29-month follow-up period. Material and methods: Of the 159 patients suffering from stress urinary incontinence, 64 were treated with bulking agents (PAHG Bulkamid®) and 75 with a single-incision sling (Altis®). The ICIQ-UI-SF (Incontinence Questionnaire-Urine Incontinence-Short Form), PISQ-12 (Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaires short form), FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index), FSDS (Female Sexual Distress Scale), and PGI-I (Patient Global Improvement Index) were used to assess efficiency and quality of life. Results: The bulking agents showed high efficacy and safety during the 29-month follow-up. Post-operative complications were recorded in both groups, with only two significant differences. The Bulkamid group experienced no pain, while 10.8% of the ALTIS group experienced groin pain and 5% experienced de novo urgency. Furthermore, patients treated with bulking agents experienced reduced nicturia (0.78 vs. 0.92 in patients treated with single-incision slings.). In both groups, we noticed a significant improvement in QoL (quality of life), with a halved ICIQ-UI-SF (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urine Incontinence-Short Form) score which was completed to assess the impact of urine symptoms. After 24 months of therapy, the Bulkamid group saw a decrease from 14.58 ± 5.11 at baseline to 5.67 ± 1.90 (p < 0.0001), whereas the ALTIS group experience a decrease from 13.75 ± 5.89 to 5.83 ± 1.78. Similarly, we observed an improvement in sexual function, with the number of sexually active patients increasing from 29 to 44 (56.4%) in the Bulkamid group (p = 0.041) and from 31 to 51 (61.7%) in the ALTIS group (p = 0.034). According to the most recent statistics, the PISQ-12, FSFI, and FSDS scores all demonstrated an improvement in women’s sexual function. Conclusions: In terms of efficacy and safety, bulking agents had notable results over the 29-month follow-up period. Furthermore, the patients treated with bulking agents reported a lower incidence of postoperative complications and a no discernible difference in terms of quality of life and sexual activity compared to the ones treated with single-incision slings. Bulking agents can be considered a very reliable therapeutic option based on accurate patient selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Tract Health and Care)
14 pages, 608 KiB  
Review
Welfare Implications for Tigers in Travelling Circuses
by Emily Davies and Andrew Knight
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071053 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
There are very few studies that have focused on species-specific welfare implications for tigers in a travelling circus. The absence of scientific evidence to inform nationwide legislation means that tigers are still commonly used in travelling circuses across the world. A systematic review [...] Read more.
There are very few studies that have focused on species-specific welfare implications for tigers in a travelling circus. The absence of scientific evidence to inform nationwide legislation means that tigers are still commonly used in travelling circuses across the world. A systematic review of relevant published studies was conducted using the bibliographic databases Web of Science and Scopus, supplemented by a narrative search. In total, 42 relevant studies were identified that assessed the welfare of tigers in captivity, including circuses and zoos. Only eight papers assessed the welfare implications for tigers in circuses directly, evidencing the lack of research in this area. Given that circuses provide a sub-optimal environment compared to zoos, implications for tiger welfare were also inferred from zoo research, within the Five Domains framework. Collectively, these papers infer that the travelling nature of a circus often negatively impacts the welfare domains of nutrition, physical environment, health, and mental state. This is due to limitations in enclosure size, as well as in both environmental and behavioural enrichment. There is also often difficulty in sourcing appropriate food and specialised routine veterinary care. The literature is divided concerning behavioural interactions, specifically whether training can improve welfare by offering mental stimulation. However, circus performances are often associated with negative welfare due to noise disruption from spectators. The collective scientific evidence indicates that tigers are not well suited to circus living, due to the inability of a travelling circus to provide for their species-specific psychological, physiological, and behavioural needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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15 pages, 373 KiB  
Article
Trust-Based Relational Intervention® (TBRI®) Impact for Traumatized Children—Meaningful Change on Attachment Security and Mental Health after One Year
by Monika Misevi??, Lina Gervinskait?-Paulaitien?, Sigita Lesinskien? and Izabel? Grauslien?
Children 2024, 11(4), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040411 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Children from vulnerable backgrounds often have insecure attachment or disorganized attachment, which are related to psychological troubles, and such children need interventions to help them heal. The attachment system reorganizes in middle childhood, and other important adults play a considerable role in children’s [...] Read more.
Children from vulnerable backgrounds often have insecure attachment or disorganized attachment, which are related to psychological troubles, and such children need interventions to help them heal. The attachment system reorganizes in middle childhood, and other important adults play a considerable role in children’s lives. Thus, it is essential to weigh the impact of psychosocial interventions, while the main focus of the intervention is the staff member’s direct work with the child through a trusting relationship. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate whether children’s attachment security and mental health outcomes change after participating in a trauma-informed, attachment-based, Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) provided in a daycare center. It was a case-series study involving twelve children aged 8–11 years. The child attachment interview (CAI), CBCL/6-18, TRF/6-18, and clinical interviews for parents and children were used, measuring the change between the TBRI implementation in the daycare center and after one year. For ten participants, we noticed an improvement in mental health; for seven participants, security scales improved; for two participants, their disorganized attachment changed into insecure–dismissing. We have preliminary evidence that vulnerable children may benefit in terms of attachment security and mental health from the trusting relationship that staff build using the TBRI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Trauma and Psychology)
17 pages, 1435 KiB  
Article
Research on Wave-Added Resistance and Longitudinal Stability Characteristics of Amphibious Aircraft in Rule Wave
by Huawei Sun, Anran Ju, Wentian Chang, Jingfei Liu, Jiayi Liu and Hanbing Sun
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040585 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Assessing the safety of amphibious aircraft hinges significantly on two key factors: wave-added resistance and motion stability during takeoff and landing on water surfaces. To tackle this, we employed the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations solved via the finite volume method. We utilized the [...] Read more.
Assessing the safety of amphibious aircraft hinges significantly on two key factors: wave-added resistance and motion stability during takeoff and landing on water surfaces. To tackle this, we employed the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations solved via the finite volume method. We utilized the volume fraction method to accurately capture the free surface and employed the overset grid technique to manage the relative motion between the aircraft and the liquid surface. Our approach involves establishing a numerical simulation scheme to investigate the water-planing motion of amphibious aircraft across varying wave heights, wavelengths, speeds, and center-of-gravity positions. The computational findings demonstrate a close match between calculated forces and aircraft motion compared to experimental values. Notably, we observed pronounced nonlinearity in wave-added resistance. Under high sea conditions, operating in a short-wavelength environment or with a rearward center-of-gravity position proves advantageous for reducing wave-added resistance. Conversely, poor longitudinal stability is evident during planing in long waves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
35 pages, 7888 KiB  
Review
A Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray View of the Transient Sky
by Alessandro Carosi and Alicia López-Oramas
Universe 2024, 10(4), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10040163 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The development of the latest generation of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) over recent decades has led to the discovery of new extreme astrophysical phenomena in the very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray regime. Time-domain and multi-messenger astronomy are inevitably connected to [...] Read more.
The development of the latest generation of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) over recent decades has led to the discovery of new extreme astrophysical phenomena in the very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray regime. Time-domain and multi-messenger astronomy are inevitably connected to the physics of transient VHE emitters, which show unexpected (and mostly unpredictable) flaring or exploding episodes at different timescales. These transients often share the physical processes responsible for the production of the gamma-ray emission, through cosmic-ray acceleration, magnetic reconnection, jet production and/or outflows, and shocks interactions. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview of the VHE transients field, spanning from novae to supernovae, neutrino counterparts or fast radio bursts, among others, and we outline the expectations for future facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Gamma Ray Astrophysics and Future Perspectives)
17 pages, 1311 KiB  
Article
Impact of Urban Forest and Park on Air Quality and the Microclimate in Jinan, Northern China
by Kun Liu, Juan Li, Lei Sun, Xueqiao Yang, Chongqing Xu and Guihuan Yan
Atmosphere 2024, 15(4), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040426 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Though the impact of urban vegetation on air quality and the microclimate has attracted increasing attention, there have been few studies quantitatively assessing this impact in North China, where air pollution is severe. In this study, we investigated the impact of urban forests [...] Read more.
Though the impact of urban vegetation on air quality and the microclimate has attracted increasing attention, there have been few studies quantitatively assessing this impact in North China, where air pollution is severe. In this study, we investigated the impact of urban forests and urban parks on air quality and the microclimate in Jinan, northern China. Six sites were chosen to represent urban forest, urban park, and downtown areas, respectively. The results indicate that urban forest can effectively reduce PM2.5 and ozone (O3) concentrations in the warm season, when temperatures are higher and plants are lush. The PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in the urban forest areas were 6.3–6.5 μg m−3 and 21–23 μg m−3 lower than those in downtown areas during the period of 10:00–15:00. In contrast, urban park areas can reduce PM2.5 concentrations but have little impact on gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and O3. Furthermore, both urban forest and urban park areas reduced temperatures, by approximately 4.1–6.8 °C and 1.36 °C, respectively, and increased relative humidity, by about 13.4–12.9% and 0.9%, promoting a more comfortable thermal environment for residents. Therefore, this study highlights the crucial role of urban vegetation in improving air quality and creating a comfortable environment for residents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vegetation in Urban Air Quality)
18 pages, 14730 KiB  
Article
Stability of a Deep Foundation Pit with Hard Surrounding Rocks under Different in-Time Transverse Supporting Conditions
by Yang Li, Zhanguo Ma, Furong Gao, Peng Gong, Zhiqun Gong and Kelong Li
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2914; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072914 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper focuses on investigating the stability of a deep foundation pit with hard surrounding rocks at different excavation stages with different supporting schemes by means of numerical calculations. The supporting schemes in question were combinations of one fixed vertical support and four [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on investigating the stability of a deep foundation pit with hard surrounding rocks at different excavation stages with different supporting schemes by means of numerical calculations. The supporting schemes in question were combinations of one fixed vertical support and four varied transverse supports. Drilled grouting piles were used as vertical supports, and the commonly used steel bracings and prestressed anchorages served as transverse supports. The parameters used to evaluate the stability of the foundation pit at different excavation stages included the lateral displacements of the surrounding rocks, the settlement of the surrounding ground, the axial forces of steel bracings, and displacements at the tops of the drilled grouting piles. Simulation results showed that when a transverse supporting scheme consisting of one-layer steel bracings and prestressed anchorages set at 9 m and 22.5 m underground, respectively, was adopted, the lateral displacements of the surrounding rocks and settlement of the surrounding ground at different excavation stages were the largest compared to those under the other three transverse supporting schemes, while the corresponding values were lower compared to those allowed in Chinese standard GB50007-2011, demonstrating that this kind of supporting scheme is effective in terms of ensuring the safety of the foundation pit at different excavation stages. Moreover, the setting techniques for this kind of supporting scheme were relatively simple, and the corresponding influences of supporting element arrangements on excavation techniques were the lowest. Therefore, one-layer steel bracings and one-layer prestressed anchorages constituted the most suitable transverse supporting scheme for excavating a deep foundation pit with hard surrounding rocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tunnel and Underground Construction)
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17 pages, 1755 KiB  
Article
Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) Encapsulated with ABS (nZVI/(ABS + EC)) for Sustainable Denitrification Performance and Anti-Aggregation
by Fanbin Meng, Yuning Yang, Miao Li, Qizhi Zhu, Bing Qin and Chunpeng Yang
Processes 2024, 12(4), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040697 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Aggregation and sharp reactivity decrease are the key problems of using nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) as a potential reaction medium for a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). In this study, nZVI particles encapsulated within an acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) matrix (nZVI/(ABS + EC)) was fabricated, which [...] Read more.
Aggregation and sharp reactivity decrease are the key problems of using nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) as a potential reaction medium for a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). In this study, nZVI particles encapsulated within an acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) matrix (nZVI/(ABS + EC)) was fabricated, which for the first time successfully simultaneously solved the above problems via accurately regulating the distribution of nZVI particles in the ABS matrix and regulating the contact between nZVI particles and the contaminated aqueous environment. In addition, the size and number of the pores throughout the ABS matrix were first regulated by ethyl cellulose (EC) for the purpose of controlling the contact between nZVI particles and the nitrate contaminant, affording apparent rate constants (kobs) for denitrification performance in the range of 0.0423 to 0.0820 min−1. The remediation of simulated nitrate-contaminated solution by nZVI/(ABS + EC) was suitably described by the first-order kinetics model, with kobs ranging from 0.0423 to 0.2036 min−1, and functional relationship models of kobs with the dosages of EC (dEC) and nZVI (dFe) during encapsulation were developed for the quantitative regulation of a sustainable denitrification performance. Results revealed that encapsulation prevents the aggregation of nZVI, rendering a sustainable denitrification performance of the material; the denitrification performance was demonstrated to be affected and quantitatively regulated by the encapsulation and application conditions. Using nZVI/(ABS + EC) as the reaction medium for PRB, the pore blocking of PRB can be avoided, and the sustainable remediation performance can be quantitatively regulated and predicted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Soil and Water)
32 pages, 3619 KiB  
Article
Fracture Density Prediction of Basement Metamorphic Rocks Using Gene Expression Programming
by Muhammad Luqman Hasan and Tivadar M. Tóth
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040366 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Many methods have been developed to detect and predict the fracture properties of fractured rocks. The standard data sources for fracture evaluations are image logs and core samples. However, many wells do not have these data, especially for old wells. Furthermore, operating both [...] Read more.
Many methods have been developed to detect and predict the fracture properties of fractured rocks. The standard data sources for fracture evaluations are image logs and core samples. However, many wells do not have these data, especially for old wells. Furthermore, operating both methods can be costly, and, sometimes, the data gathered are of bad quality. Therefore, previous research attempted to evaluate fractures indirectly using the widely available conventional well-logs. Sedimentary rocks are widespread and have been studied in the literature. However, fractured reservoirs, like igneous and metamorphic rock bodies, may also be vital since they provide fluid migration pathways and can store some hydrocarbons. Hence, two fractured metamorphic rock bodies are studied in this study to evaluate any difference in fracture responses on well-log properties. Also, a quick and reliable prediction method is studied to predict fracture density (FD) in the case of the unavailability of image logs and core samples. Gene expression programming (GEP) was chosen for this study to predict FD, and ten conventional well-log data were used as input variables. The model produced by GEP was good, with R2 values at least above 0.84 for all studied wells, and the model was then applied to wells without image logs. Both selected metamorphic rocks showed similar results in which the significant parameters to predict FD were the spectral gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs. This study also proposed a validation method to ensure that the FD value predictions were consistent using discriminant function analysis. In conclusion, the GEP method is reliable and could be used for FD predictions for basement metamorphic rocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Reservoirs)
18 pages, 5522 KiB  
Review
Recent Research in Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production
by Yimin Deng, Shuo Li, Helei Liu, Huili Zhang and Jan Baeyens
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2883; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072883 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Climate concerns require immediate actions to reduce the global average temperature increase. Renewable electricity and renewable energy-based fuels and chemicals are crucial for progressive de-fossilization. Hydrogen will be part of the solution. The main issues to be considered are the growing market for [...] Read more.
Climate concerns require immediate actions to reduce the global average temperature increase. Renewable electricity and renewable energy-based fuels and chemicals are crucial for progressive de-fossilization. Hydrogen will be part of the solution. The main issues to be considered are the growing market for H2 and the “green” feedstock and energy that should be used to produce H2. The electrolysis of water using surplus renewable energy is considered an important development. Alternative H2 production routes should be using “green” feedstock to replace fossil fuels. We firstly investigated these alternative routes through using bio-based methanol or ethanol or ammonia from digesting agro-industrial or domestic waste. The catalytic conversion of CH4 to C and H2 was examined as a possible option for decarbonizing the natural gas grid. Secondly, water splitting by reversible redox reactions was examined, but using a renewable energy supply was deemed necessary. The application of renewable heat or power was therefore investigated, with a special focus on using concentrated solar tower (CST) technology. We finally assessed valorization data to provide a tentative view of the scale-up potential and economic aspects of the systems and determine the needs for future research and developments. Full article
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21 pages, 1218 KiB  
Article
Research on Green Design Strategy of Electrical and Electronic Manufacturing Enterprises Based on the Perspective of Tripartite Evolutionary Game
by Yujing Si, Yi Yang and Ze Shao
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072884 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Green design emphasizes the environmental attributes of the product life cycle, which can prevent environmental pollution at the source and reduce resource consumption. Based on the evolutionary game theory, this paper constructs a tripartite game model between “government-electrical and electronic manufacturing companies-consumers”, explores [...] Read more.
Green design emphasizes the environmental attributes of the product life cycle, which can prevent environmental pollution at the source and reduce resource consumption. Based on the evolutionary game theory, this paper constructs a tripartite game model between “government-electrical and electronic manufacturing companies-consumers”, explores the influence of participants’ strategic choices and parameters on the evolutionary behavior of the three parties in different situations, and uses Matlab software to conduct numerical simulation analysis. Simulation analysis is the process of simulating real-world events and system behavior through computer models to assess, validate, and predict their performance and response. The research results show that the strategic choices of the three parties influence each other and government supervision and green consumption are conducive to incentivizing manufacturing companies to carry out green design. Consumer green preferences, environmental tax rates, corporate recycling revenue, and increases in consumer recycling revenue are all conducive to product design. Compared to environmental taxes, corporate subsidy policies have a greater impact on the behavior of the government, manufacturing companies, and consumers. Compared to consumer subsidies, corporate subsidy policies have a more significant effect on the behavior of governments and manufacturing companies, while for consumers, the opposite is true. Full article
10 pages, 2648 KiB  
Communication
Understanding Quasi-Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Organic Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistors
by Hanjing Ke, Xiaoci Liang, Xiaozhe Yin, Baiquan Liu, Songjia Han, Shijie Jiang, Chuan Liu and Xiaojian She
Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040467 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Leveraging poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [(PVDF-TrFE)] as the dielectric, we fabricated organic ferroelectric field-effect transistors (OFe-FETs). These devices demonstrate quasi-static transfer characteristics that include a hysteresis window alongside transient phenomena that bear resemblance to synaptic plasticity-encapsulating excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) as well as both short-term [...] Read more.
Leveraging poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [(PVDF-TrFE)] as the dielectric, we fabricated organic ferroelectric field-effect transistors (OFe-FETs). These devices demonstrate quasi-static transfer characteristics that include a hysteresis window alongside transient phenomena that bear resemblance to synaptic plasticity-encapsulating excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) as well as both short-term and long-term potentiation (STP/LTP). We also explore and elucidate other aspects such as the subthreshold swing and the hysteresis window under dynamic state by varying the pace of voltage sweeps. In addition, we developed an analytical model that describes the electrical properties of OFe-FETs, which melds an empirical formula for ferroelectric polarization with a compact model. This model agrees well with the experimental data concerning quasi-static transfer characteristics, potentially serving as a quantitative tool to improve the understanding and design of OFe-FETs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin-Film Transistors: Materials, Fabrications and Applications)
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23 pages, 4361 KiB  
Article
Using Transfer Learning and Radial Basis Function Deep Neural Network Feature Extraction to Upgrade Existing Product Fault Detection Systems for Industry 4.0: A Case Study of a Spring Factory
by Chee-Hoe Loh, Yi-Chung Chen and Chwen-Tzeng Su
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2913; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072913 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In the era of Industry 3.0, product fault detection systems became important auxiliary systems for factories. These systems efficiently monitor product quality, and as such, substantial amounts of capital were invested in their development. However, with the arrival of Industry 4.0, high-volume low-mix [...] Read more.
In the era of Industry 3.0, product fault detection systems became important auxiliary systems for factories. These systems efficiently monitor product quality, and as such, substantial amounts of capital were invested in their development. However, with the arrival of Industry 4.0, high-volume low-mix production modes are gradually being replaced by low-volume high-mix production modes, reducing the applicability of existing systems. The extent of investment has prompted factories to seek upgrades to tailor existing systems to suit new production modes. In this paper, we propose an approach to upgrading based on the concept of transfer learning. The key elements are (1) using a framework with a basic model and an add-on model rather than fine-tuning parameters and (2) designing a radial basis function deep neural network (RBF-DNN) to extract important features to construct the basic and add-on models. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified using real-world data from a spring factory. Full article
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9 pages, 440 KiB  
Article
An Ultra-Rare Mixed Phenotype with Combined AP-4 and ERF Mutations: The First Report in a Pediatric Patient and a Literature Review
by Alessandro Orsini, Andrea Santangelo, Alessandra Carmignani, Anna Camporeale, Francesco Massart, Nina Tyutyusheva, Diego Giampietro Peroni, Thomas Foiadelli, Alessandro Ferretti, Benedetta Toschi, Silvia Romano and Alice Bonuccelli
Genes 2024, 15(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15040436 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) constitutes a conserved hetero-tetrameric complex within the family of adaptor protein (AP) complex, crucial for the signal-mediated trafficking of integral membrane proteins. Mutations affecting all subunits of the AP-4 complex have been linked to autosomal-recessive cerebral palsy and [...] Read more.
The adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) constitutes a conserved hetero-tetrameric complex within the family of adaptor protein (AP) complex, crucial for the signal-mediated trafficking of integral membrane proteins. Mutations affecting all subunits of the AP-4 complex have been linked to autosomal-recessive cerebral palsy and a complex hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) phenotype. Our report details the case of a 14-year-old boy born to consanguineous parents, presenting psychomotor delay, severe intellectual disability, microcephaly, and trigonocephaly. Despite a history of febrile seizures, subsequent years were devoid of seizures, with normal EEG. Exome sequencing revealed pathogenic variants in both the AP4B1 and ERF genes. Significantly, the patient exhibited features associated with AP4B1 mutations, including distinctive traits such as cranial malformations. The ERF gene variant, linked to craniosynostosis, likely contributes to the observed trigonocephaly. This case represents the initial documentation of a concurrent mutation in the AP4B1 and ERF genes, underscoring the critical role of exome analysis in unraveling complex phenotypes. Understanding these complex genotypes offers valuable insights into broader syndromic conditions, facilitating comprehensive patient management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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