Advancing Open Science
for more than 25 years
Supporting academic communities
since 1996
 
11 pages, 328 KiB  
Article
Open versus Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy for the Treatment of pT4a Bladder Cancer: Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes
by Davide Perri, Bernardo Rocco, Maria Chiara Sighinolfi, Pierluigi Bove, Antonio L. Pastore, Alessandro Volpe, Andrea Minervini, Alessandro Antonelli, Stefano Zaramella, Antonio Galfano, Giovanni E. Cacciamani, Antonio Celia, Orietta Dalpiaz, Simone Crivellaro, Francesco Greco, Giovannalberto Pini, Angelo Porreca, Andrea Pacchetti, Tommaso Calcagnile, Lorenzo Berti, Carlo Buizza, Federica Mazzoleni and Giorgio Bozziniadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Cancers 2024, 16(7), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071329 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
We compared the perioperative outcomes of open (ORC) vs. robot-assisted (RARC) radical cystectomy in the treatment of pT4a MIBC. In total, 212 patients underwent ORC (102 patients, Group A) vs. RARC (110 patients, Group B) for pT4a bladder cancer. Patients were prospectively followed [...] Read more.
We compared the perioperative outcomes of open (ORC) vs. robot-assisted (RARC) radical cystectomy in the treatment of pT4a MIBC. In total, 212 patients underwent ORC (102 patients, Group A) vs. RARC (110 patients, Group B) for pT4a bladder cancer. Patients were prospectively followed and retrospectively reviewed. We assessed operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), intraoperative and postoperative complications, length of stay, transfusion rate, and oncological outcomes. Preoperative features were comparable. The mean operative time was 232.8 vs. 189.2 min (p = 0.04), and mean EBL was 832.8 vs. 523.7 mL in Group A vs. B (p = 0.04). An intraoperative transfusion was performed in 32 (31.4%) vs. 11 (10.0%) cases during ORC vs. RARC (p = 0.03). The intraoperative complications rate was comparable. The mean length of stay was shorter after RARC (12.6 vs. 7.2 days, p = 0.02). Postoperative transfusions were performed in 36 (35.3%) vs. 13 (11.8%) cases (p = 0.03), and postoperative complications occurred in 37 (36.3%) vs. 29 (26.4%) patients in Groups A vs. B (p = 0.05). The positive surgical margin (PSM) rate was lower after RARC. No differences were recorded according to the oncological outcomes. ORC and RARC are feasible treatments for the management of pT4a bladder tumors. Minimally invasive surgery provides shorter operative time, bleeding, transfusion rate, postoperative complications, length of stay, and PSM rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Management of Pelvic Tumors)
9 pages, 895 KiB  
Article
Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Voluntary Blood Donors in the Russian Federation
by Ilya A. Potemkin, Karen K. Kyuregyan, Anastasia A. Karlsen, Olga V. Isaeva, Vera S. Kichatova, Maria A. Lopatukhina, Fedor A. Asadi Mobarkhan, Anna G. Zlobina, Andrey V. Zheltobriukh, Ksenia A. Bocharova, Vera V. Belyakova, Svetlana V. Rassolova, Nadezhda V. Ivanova, Sergey A. Solonin, Alexey I. Bazhenov, Mikhail A. Godkov and Mikhail I. Mikhailov
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040526 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an increasing concern in many countries. We investigated the detection rate of HEV viremia in blood donors in Russia. A total of 20,405 regular repetitive voluntary non-renumerated blood donors from two regions (Moscow and Belgorod) were [...] Read more.
Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an increasing concern in many countries. We investigated the detection rate of HEV viremia in blood donors in Russia. A total of 20,405 regular repetitive voluntary non-renumerated blood donors from two regions (Moscow and Belgorod) were screened for HEV RNA using the cobas® HEV test in mini-pools of six plasma samples. Samples from each reactive pool were tested individually. The average HEV RNA prevalence was 0.024% (95% CI: 0.01–0.05%), or 1 case per 4081 donations. No statistically significant differences in HEV RNA prevalence were observed between the two study regions. The PCR threshold cycle (Ct) values ranged from 25.0 to 40.5 in reactive pools, and from 20.9 to 41.4 in reactive plasma samples when tested individually. The HEV viremic donors had different antibody patterns. Two donor samples were reactive for both anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies, one sample was reactive for anti-HEV IgM and negative for anti-HEV IgG, and two samples were seronegative. At follow-up testing 6 months later, on average, four donors available for follow-up had become negative for HEV RNA and positive for anti-HEV IgG. The HEV ORF2 sequence belonging to HEV-3 sub-genotype 3a was obtained from one donor sample. The sequencing failed in the other four samples from viremic donors, presumably due to the low viral load. In conclusion, the HEV RNA detection rate in blood donors in Russia corresponds with data from other European countries, including those that implemented universal donor HEV screening. These data support the implementation of HEV RNA donor screening to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV infection in Russia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transfusion & Transplantation Transmitted Viral Infections)
20 pages, 1188 KiB  
Systematic Review
TiO2 Nanocomposite Coatings and Inactivation of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae Biofilm—Opportunities and Challenges
by Alina-Simona Bereanu, Bogdan Ioan Vintil?, Rare? Bereanu, Ioana Roxana Codru, Adrian Ha?egan, Ciprian Olteanu, Vicen?iu S?celeanu and Mihai Sava
Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040684 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The worldwide increase of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a global threat. The emergence and global spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase- (KPC-) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae represent a particular concern. This pathogen has increased resistance and abilities to persist in human reservoirs, in hospital environments, [...] Read more.
The worldwide increase of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a global threat. The emergence and global spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase- (KPC-) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae represent a particular concern. This pathogen has increased resistance and abilities to persist in human reservoirs, in hospital environments, on medical devices, and to generate biofilms. Mortality related to this microorganism is high among immunosuppressed oncological patients and those with multiple hospitalizations and an extended stay in intensive care. There is a severe threat posed by the ability of biofilms to grow and resist antibiotics. Various nanotechnology-based strategies have been studied and developed to prevent and combat serious health problems caused by biofilm infections. The aim of this review was to evaluate the implications of nanotechnology in eradicating biofilms with KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the bacteria most frequently associated with nosocomial infections in intensive care units, including in our department, and to highlight studies presenting the potential applicability of TiO2 nanocomposite materials in hospital practice. We also described the frequency of the presence of bacterial biofilms on medical surfaces, devices, and equipment. TiO2 nanocomposite coatings are one of the best long-term options for antimicrobial efficacy due to their biocompatibility, stability, corrosion resistance, and low cost; they find their applicability in hospital practice due to their critical antimicrobial role for surfaces and orthopedic and dental implants. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as possibly carcinogenic. Currently, there is an interest in the ecological, non-toxic synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles via biological methods. Biogenic, non-toxic nanoparticles have remarkable properties due to their biocompatibility, stability, and size. Few studies have mentioned the use of nanoparticle-coated surfaces as antibiofilm agents. A literature review was performed to identify publications related to KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms and antimicrobial TiO2 photocatalytic nanocomposite coatings. There are few reviews on the antibacterial and antibiofilm applications of TiO2 photocatalytic nanocomposite coatings. TiO2 nanoparticles demonstrated marked antibiofilm activity, but being nano in size, these nanoparticles can penetrate cell membranes and may initiate cellular toxicity and genotoxicity. Biogenic TiO2 nanoparticles obtained via green, ecological technology have less applicability but are actively investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)
25 pages, 2897 KiB  
Article
Effect of Turbulent Wind Conditions on the Dynamic Characteristics of a Herringbone Planetary Gear System of a Wind Turbine
by Wei-qiang Zhao, Wenhui Zhao, Jie Liu and Na Yang
Machines 2024, 12(4), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12040227 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Due to complex environmental factors, the gear transmission systems of wind turbines are continuously affected by large torque load excitation with periodic and random properties. This paper shares the load-sharing and dynamic characteristics of a herringbone planetary gear system applied in a wind [...] Read more.
Due to complex environmental factors, the gear transmission systems of wind turbines are continuously affected by large torque load excitation with periodic and random properties. This paper shares the load-sharing and dynamic characteristics of a herringbone planetary gear system applied in a wind turbine. The gear dynamic model is established using a typical lumped parameter method, in which the nonlinear transmission errors of the gear pairs and left and right-side coupling stiffness of the herringbone gears are included. With the help of the blade element momentum theory, the precise calculation of the hub load of the wind turbine, which is the external excitation of the gear system, is implemented, in which the wind shear, tower shadow, turbulent effect, and tip loss correction are taken into consideration. The nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the system are obtained using the Runge-Kutta method and then discussed. The results show that the turbulent effect plays a major role in the impact on the load-sharing characteristics, and a reasonable set of the support stiffness of rotational components can improve the load-sharing characteristics of the system. The purpose of this research is to provide some useful references in numerical modelling and methods for designers and researchers of wind turbine transmission systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Turbomachinery)
22 pages, 4805 KiB  
Article
Generating Synthetic Electricity Load Time Series at District Scale Using Probabilistic Forecasts
by Lucas Richter, Tom Bender, Steve Lenk and Peter Bretschneider
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071634 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Thanks to various European directives, individuals are empowered to share and trade electricity within Renewable Energy Communities, enhancing the operational efficiency of local energy systems. The digital transformation of the energy market enables the integration of decentralized energy resources using cloud computing, the [...] Read more.
Thanks to various European directives, individuals are empowered to share and trade electricity within Renewable Energy Communities, enhancing the operational efficiency of local energy systems. The digital transformation of the energy market enables the integration of decentralized energy resources using cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence. In order to assess the feasibility of new business models based on data-driven solutions, various electricity consumption time series are necessary at this level of aggregation. Since these are currently not yet available in sufficient quality and quantity, and due to data privacy reasons, synthetic time series are essential in the strategic planning of smart grid energy systems. By enabling the simulation of diverse scenarios, they facilitate the integration of new technologies and the development of effective demand response strategies. Moreover, they provide valuable data for assessing novel load forecasting methodologies that are essential to manage energy efficiently and to ensure grid stability. Therefore, this research proposes a methodology to synthesize electricity consumption time series by applying the Box–Jenkins method, an intelligent sampling technique for data augmentation and a probabilistic forecast model. This novel approach emulates the stochastic nature of electricity consumption time series and synthesizes realistic ones of Renewable Energy Communities concerning seasonal as well as short-term variations and stochasticity. Comparing autocorrelations, distributions of values, and principle components of daily sequences between real and synthetic time series, the results exhibit nearly identical characteristics to the original data and, thus, are usable in designing and studying efficient smart grid systems. Full article
16 pages, 3368 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Sediment Erosion in Pelton Nozzles and Needles Affected by Particle Size
by Jie Liu, Yilin Zhu, Quanwei Liang, Yexiang Xiao, Zhengshu Liu, Haijun Li, Jian Ye, Nianhao Yang, Haifeng Deng and Qingpin Du
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071635 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The sediment erosion of Pelton turbine components is a major challenge in the operation and development of high-head water resources, especially in mountainous areas with high sediment yield. In this paper, a study using numerical simulation was conducted with different sediment particle sizes [...] Read more.
The sediment erosion of Pelton turbine components is a major challenge in the operation and development of high-head water resources, especially in mountainous areas with high sediment yield. In this paper, a study using numerical simulation was conducted with different sediment particle sizes in the fine sand range. And the erosion mechanism of the Pelton turbine injector was analyzed. The Eulerian Lagrange method was adopted to simulate the gas–liquid–solid flow. The Mansouri’s model was applied to estimate the injector erosion. The predicted erosion results were in accord with field erosion photographs. In particular, the asymmetrical erosion distribution on the needle surface was physically reproduced. With the sediment particle size increasing from 0.05 mm, the needle erosion rate decreased, while the nozzle casing erosion rate increased dramatically. In order to clarify this tendency, the characteristics of the three-phase flow were analyzed. Interestingly, the results show that with the rise in particle size, the separation of particles and water streamlines became more serious in the contraction section of the nozzle mouth. Consequently, it caused the enhancement of erosion of the nozzle surfaces and weakened the erosion of the needle surfaces. Significant engineering insights may be provided for weakening Pelton injector erosion with needle guides in the current study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydro-Mechanical Turbines: Powering the Future)
15 pages, 1197 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Electric Field Induced by Oscillating Metal Underwater Vehicle
by Taotao Xie, Jiawei Zhang, Dawei Xiao and Qing Ji
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2873; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072873 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
To analyze the induced electric field characteristics generated by the rotation and shaking of underwater metal vehicles, a mathematical model of the induced electric field generated by the underwater metal vehicles was derived using Faraday’s electromagnetic induction law. A mathematical model of the [...] Read more.
To analyze the induced electric field characteristics generated by the rotation and shaking of underwater metal vehicles, a mathematical model of the induced electric field generated by the underwater metal vehicles was derived using Faraday’s electromagnetic induction law. A mathematical model of the induced electric field on the electrode pairs of metal vehicles shaking in different coordinate system planes was established through in-depth analysis. Based on this, a three-component output model of the induced electric field output by the three-axis sensor was obtained when the measurement system was shaking at all three angles. At a constant speed, the induced electric field interference output by the measurement system is a static signal. The value of the static electric field is proportional to the vehicle’s speed and the value of the geomagnetic field, and the value of each component is related to the direction of movement and the value of the geomagnetic field component. The simulation results show that when the navigation body is moving at a constant speed, the induced electric field is a static electric field with a magnitude of mV/m. In a stable state, the induced electric field noise generated by changes in pitch, roll, and heading sway is at the nV/m level and does not have a significant impact on detection. The correctness of the theoretical model has been verified through experiments on offshore speedboat platforms, and it is feasible to use metal navigation bodies for ship electric field detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Science and Engineering)
39 pages, 19031 KiB  
Review
The Use of Spatially Multi-Component Plasma Structures and Combined Energy Deposition for High-Speed Flow Control: A Selective Review
by Olga A. Azarova and Oleg V. Kravchenko
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071632 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This review examines studies aimed at the organization of energy (non-mechanical) control of high-speed flow/flight using spatially multi-component plasma structures and combined energy deposition. The review covers selected works on the experimental acquisition and numerical modeling of multi-component plasma structures and the use [...] Read more.
This review examines studies aimed at the organization of energy (non-mechanical) control of high-speed flow/flight using spatially multi-component plasma structures and combined energy deposition. The review covers selected works on the experimental acquisition and numerical modeling of multi-component plasma structures and the use of sets of actuators based on plasma of such a spatial type for the purposes of control of shock wave/bow shock wave–energy source interaction, as well as control of shock wave–boundary layer interaction. A series of works on repetitive multiple laser pulse plasma structures is also analyzed from the point of view of examining shock wave/bow shock wave–boundary layer interaction. Self-sustained theoretical models for laser dual-pulse, multi-mode laser pulses, and self-sustained glow discharge are also considered. Separate sections are devoted to high-speed flow control using combined physical phenomena and numerical prediction of flow control possibilities using thermal longitudinally layered plasma structures. The wide possibilities for organization and applying spatially multi-component structured plasma for the purposes of high-speed flow control are demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Deposition for Aerospace Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
15 pages, 535 KiB  
Article
Total Pain and Fear of Recurrence in Post-Treatment Cancer Patients: Serial Mediation of Psychological Flexibility and Mentalization and Gender Moderation
by Dariusz Krok, Ewa Telka, Adam Falewicz and Ma?gorzata Szcze?niak
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071974 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The research indicates that painful experiences can significantly affect the fear of cancer recurrence among cancer survivors, which is a distressing concern that influences both physiological and psychological recovery. This cross-sectional study aims to advance our comprehension of the associations between total pain [...] Read more.
The research indicates that painful experiences can significantly affect the fear of cancer recurrence among cancer survivors, which is a distressing concern that influences both physiological and psychological recovery. This cross-sectional study aims to advance our comprehension of the associations between total pain and the fear of recurrence in post-treatment cancer patients by examining two potential mediators: psychological flexibility and mentalization. Methods: Three hundred and thirty-five participants (aged 22 to 88, 49.1% female) who had finished their cancer treatment completed self-report assessments of total pain, their fear of recurrence, psychological flexibility, and mentalization. Results: The serial mediation analysis showed that all dimensions of total pain were positively and indirectly related to the fear of recurrence through psychological flexibility and mentalization in serial. Additionally, gender was found to moderate these serial mediational effects. Conclusions: In line with the psychological flexibility model, personal capacities to face difficult internal/external problems and interpret one’s behavior in motivational terms can counterbalance a patient’s negative emotions and feelings related to the illness. Gender factors also determine the way in which post-treatment cancer patients manage potential future anxiety and fears. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)
14 pages, 2600 KiB  
Communication
Improved Microelectrode Array Electrode Design for Heavy Metal Detection
by Jian Zhang, Shijun Wu, Feng Zhang, Bo Jin and Canjun Yang
Chemosensors 2024, 12(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12040051 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Traditional working electrodes are not sufficient to realize the low detection limit and wide detection range necessary for the detection of heavy metals. In this study, a microelectrode array electrode was proposed using a design scheme based on microelectromechanical systems that was optimized [...] Read more.
Traditional working electrodes are not sufficient to realize the low detection limit and wide detection range necessary for the detection of heavy metals. In this study, a microelectrode array electrode was proposed using a design scheme based on microelectromechanical systems that was optimized with finite element software. The working electrode adopted an innovative composite structure to realize the integrated design of the working and counter electrodes, which improved the system integration. Performance tests showed that the electrode realized the quantitative analysis of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) with a low detection limit (0.1 μg/L) and a wide detection range (0.1–3000 μg/L). The electrode successfully measured the lead and copper ion concentrations in the Sanya River, including both seawater and freshwater environments. The experimental results demonstrate that the electrode exhibits excellent adaptability to environmental conditions and can be potentially applied for technical support in environmental monitoring and sewage treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Sensing and Analysis)
19 pages, 3092 KiB  
Article
Phycoremediation Potential of Salt-Tolerant Microalgal Species: Motion, Metabolic Characteristics, and Their Application for Saline–Alkali Soil Improvement in Eco-Farms
by Huiying Chen, Siteng Yu, Ze Yu, Meng Ma, Mingyan Liu and Haiyan Pei
Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040676 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Microalgae have great potential for remediating salt-affected soil. In this study, the microalgae species Coelastrella sp. SDEC-28, Dunaliella salina SDEC-36, and Spirulina subsalsa FACHB-351 were investigated for their potential to rehabilitate salt-affected soils. Nylon screens with optimal aperture sizes and layer numbers were identified to [...] Read more.
Microalgae have great potential for remediating salt-affected soil. In this study, the microalgae species Coelastrella sp. SDEC-28, Dunaliella salina SDEC-36, and Spirulina subsalsa FACHB-351 were investigated for their potential to rehabilitate salt-affected soils. Nylon screens with optimal aperture sizes and layer numbers were identified to efficiently intercept and harvest biomass, suggesting a correlation between underflow capability and the tough cell walls, strong motility, and intertwining characteristics of the algae. Our investigations proved the feasibility of incorporating monosodium glutamate residue (MSGR) into soil extracts at dilution ratios of 1/200, 1/2000, and 1/500 to serve as the optimal medium for the three microalgae species, respectively. After one growth period of these three species, the electrical conductivities of the media decreased by 0.21, 1.18, and 1.78 mS/cm, respectively, and the pH remained stable at 7.7, 8.6, and 8.4. The hypotheses that microalgae can remediate soil and return profits have been verified through theoretical calculations, demonstrating the potential of employing specific microalgal strains to enhance soil conditions in eco-farms, thereby broadening the range of crops that can be cultivated, including those that are intolerant to saline–alkali environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application Potential of Microalgae in Green Biotechnology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
30 pages, 2303 KiB  
Article
Analysis for the Implementation of Distributed Renewable Energy Generation Systems for Areas of High Vulnerability Due to Hillside Movements: Case Study of Marianza-Cuenca, Ecuador
by Federico Córdova-González, Eduardo García Meléndez, Montserrat Ferrer Juliá and Daniel Icaza
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071633 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This research presents a renewable energy system that takes advantage of the energy potential available in the territory. This study emerges as a relevant option to provide solutions to geological risk areas where there are buildings that, due to emergency situations at certain [...] Read more.
This research presents a renewable energy system that takes advantage of the energy potential available in the territory. This study emerges as a relevant option to provide solutions to geological risk areas where there are buildings that, due to emergency situations at certain times of the year during deep winter, are a target of danger and where its inhabitants would find it difficult to abandon their properties. The record of mass movements covering the city of Cuenca-Ecuador and part of the province has shown that the main triggering factor of this type of movement comprises the geological characteristics of tertiary formations characterized by lithological components that become unstable in the presence of water and due to their slopes being pronounced. Hybrid systems are effective solutions in distributed electricity generation, especially when it comes to helping people and their buildings in times of great need and the required electricity generation is basic. A hybrid photovoltaic, wind and hydrokinetic system has been designed that supplies electrical energy to a specific area on the opposite geographical side that is completely safe. The renewable energy system is connected to the public electricity grid available on site; however, in the event of an emergency the grid is disconnected for safety and only the hybrid system will work with the support of a battery backup system. In this study, the Homer Pro simulation tool was used and its results indicate that renewable systems that include PV, HKT and WT elements are economically viable, with a COE of USD 0.89/kWh. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hybrid Renewable Energy System)
12 pages, 1113 KiB  
Article
Development of High-Voltage Electrodes for Neutron Scattering Sample Environment Devices
by Guoliang Sun, Tingting Guo, Bao Yuan, Xiaojing Yang and Guang Wang
Instruments 2024, 8(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020026 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The sample environment is essential to neutron scattering experiments as it induces the sample under study into a phase or state of particular interest. Various sample environments have been developed, yet the high-voltage electric field has rarely been documented. In this study, Bruce [...] Read more.
The sample environment is essential to neutron scattering experiments as it induces the sample under study into a phase or state of particular interest. Various sample environments have been developed, yet the high-voltage electric field has rarely been documented. In this study, Bruce electrodes with various sectional geometries and chamber sizes were examined by using simulation modeling based on ANSYS Maxwell. A large uniform field region where samples would sit could be achieved in the planar region for all specifications, but the size of the region and the field strength varied with the gap distance between electrodes. The edging effect was inherently observed even for bare electrodes, about 1.7% higher in the sinusoidal region than the planar region, and was significantly deteriorated when a chamber was applied. This effect, however, presented an exponential decrease as the minimum distance between the electrode edge and the chamber shell increased. A compromise between the spatial confinement and the achievable field (strength and uniform region) could be reached according to the unique applicability of neutron instruments. This research provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent design and manufacturing of high-voltage sample environment devices. Full article
17 pages, 2208 KiB  
Article
Cytogenetic Analysis of Satellitome of Madagascar Leaf-Tailed Geckos
by Alona Yurchenko, Tomá? P?eni?ka, Pablo Mora, Juan Alberto Marchal Ortega, Antonio Sánchez Baca and Michail Rovatsos
Genes 2024, 15(4), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15040429 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Satellite DNA (satDNA) consists of sequences of DNA that form tandem repetitions across the genome, and it is notorious for its diversity and fast evolutionary rate. Despite its importance, satDNA has been only sporadically studied in reptile lineages. Here, we sequenced genomic DNA [...] Read more.
Satellite DNA (satDNA) consists of sequences of DNA that form tandem repetitions across the genome, and it is notorious for its diversity and fast evolutionary rate. Despite its importance, satDNA has been only sporadically studied in reptile lineages. Here, we sequenced genomic DNA and PCR-amplified microdissected W chromosomes on the Illumina platform in order to characterize the monomers of satDNA from the Henkel’s leaf-tailed gecko U. henkeli and to compare their topology by in situ hybridization in the karyotypes of the closely related Günther’s flat-tail gecko U. guentheri and gold dust day gecko P. laticauda. We identified seventeen different satDNAs; twelve of them seem to accumulate in centromeres, telomeres and/or the W chromosome. Notably, centromeric and telomeric regions seem to share similar types of satDNAs, and we found two that seem to accumulate at both edges of all chromosomes in all three species. We speculate that the long-term stability of all-acrocentric karyotypes in geckos might be explained from the presence of specific satDNAs at the centromeric regions that are strong meiotic drivers, a hypothesis that should be further tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Commemorating the Launch of the Section "Cytogenomics")
15 pages, 2065 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Water Productivity and Economic Viability of Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes under Soilless and Soil-Based Cultivations
by Suliman Ali Al-Khateeb, Faisal Ibrahim Zeineldin, Nagat Ahmed Elmulthum, Khalid Mohammed Al-Barrak, Muhammad Naeem Sattar, Tagelsir Ahmed Mohammad and Akbar S. Mohmand
Water 2024, 16(7), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16070987 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Water scarcity has necessitated the adoption of water-saving techniques in both protected and non-protected farming. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a water-saving soilless cultivation technique and compare it to conventional soil-based cultivation in protected farming. The soilless technique utilized local [...] Read more.
Water scarcity has necessitated the adoption of water-saving techniques in both protected and non-protected farming. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a water-saving soilless cultivation technique and compare it to conventional soil-based cultivation in protected farming. The soilless technique utilized local gravel and a mixture of peat moss, humin-substrate, and perlite in a 4:3:1.5 ratio. During the tomato growth cycle, three irrigation regimes were imposed using drip irrigation: 8 Lh−1 design discharge (D1) emitters, 6 Lh−1 design discharge (D0.75) emitters, and 4 Lh−1 design discharge (D0.5) emitters for both cultivation methods. Vegetative growth, fruit yield, and water consumption were measured and water productivity was determined. Additionally, an economic assessment was conducted by estimating and comparing economic coefficients for both cultivation methods. Estimated coefficients included revenues, net profit, benefit–cost ratio, breakeven levels of production and prices, revenues over variable cost, and revenues on investment. The tomato fruit yield under soil-based cultivation surpassed the yield under soilless cultivation. Water productivity under soilless cultivation was nearly double (24.3 kg m−3) that of soil-based cultivation (15.5 kg m−3). Soilless cultivation saved 50% of the irrigation water applied by the conventional soil-based method, conserving energy and protecting the soil from deterioration. Revenues and net profits, driven by higher yield and lower variable costs, favored soil-based cultivation. The economic assessment demonstrated that both cultivation methods were economically viable. However, the soil-based cultivation method was more profitable due to its higher fruit yield. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the soilless cultivation technique is a feasible option for water-saving cultivation. However, the soil-based cultivation method remains more profitable due to its superior fruit yield. The soilless cultivation technique offers significant water savings but needs further improvements to achieve comparable economic returns to traditional farming. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
20 pages, 766 KiB  
Review
Beyond the Cold: Activating Brown Adipose Tissue as an Approach to Combat Obesity
by Cristina Elena Negroiu, Iulia Tudora?cu, Cristina Maria Bezna, Sanziana Godeanu, Marina Diaconu, Raluca Danoiu and Suzana Danoiu
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1973; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071973 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
With a dramatic increase in the number of obese and overweight people, there is a great need for new anti-obesity therapies. With the discovery of the functionality of brown adipose tissue in adults and the observation of beige fat cells among white fat [...] Read more.
With a dramatic increase in the number of obese and overweight people, there is a great need for new anti-obesity therapies. With the discovery of the functionality of brown adipose tissue in adults and the observation of beige fat cells among white fat cells, scientists are looking for substances and methods to increase the activity of these cells. We aimed to describe how scientists have concluded that brown adipose tissue is also present and active in adults, to describe where in the human body these deposits of brown adipose tissue are, to summarize the origin of both brown fat cells and beige fat cells, and, last but not least, to list some of the substances and methods classified as BAT promotion agents with their benefits and side effects. We summarized these findings based on the original literature and reviews in the field, emphasizing the discovery, function, and origins of brown adipose tissue, BAT promotion agents, and batokines. Only studies written in English and with a satisfying rating were identified from electronic searches of PubMed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Metabolic Syndrome, Biomarkers and Lifestyles)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Full article ">
18 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
Implementing a Multi-Disciplinary, Evidence-Based Resilience Intervention for Moral Injury Syndrome: Systemic Barriers and Facilitators
by J. Irene Harris, Shawn Dunlap, Danielle Xanthos, Jeffrey M. Pyne, Eric Hermes, Brandon J. Griffin, Susannah Robb Kondrath, Se Yun Kim, Kristin B. Golden, Nathaniel J. Cooney and Timothy J. Usset
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040281 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Moral injury syndrome (MIS) is a mental health (MH) problem that substantially affects resilience; the presence of MIS reduces responsiveness to psychotherapy and increases suicide risk. Evidence-based treatment for MIS is available; however, it often goes untreated. This project uses principles of the [...] Read more.
Moral injury syndrome (MIS) is a mental health (MH) problem that substantially affects resilience; the presence of MIS reduces responsiveness to psychotherapy and increases suicide risk. Evidence-based treatment for MIS is available; however, it often goes untreated. This project uses principles of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to assess barriers and facilitators to the implementation of Building Spiritual Strength (BSS), a multi-disciplinary treatment for MIS. Interviews were conducted with chaplains and mental health providers who had completed BSS facilitator training at six sites in the VA. Data were analyzed using the Hamilton Rapid Turnaround method. Findings included multiple facilitators to the implementation of BSS, including its accessibility and appeal to VA chaplains; leadership by VA chaplains trained in the intervention; and effective collaboration between the chaplains and mental health providers. Barriers to the implementation of BSS included challenges in engaging mental health providers and incorporating them as group leaders, veterans’ lack of familiarity with the group format of BSS, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results highlight the need for increased trust and collaboration between VA chaplains and mental health providers in the implementation of BSS and treatment of MIS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trauma, Resilience and Mental Health)
25 pages, 2207 KiB  
Review
Measuring the Lense–Thirring Precession and the Neutron Star Moment of Inertia with Pulsars
by Huanchen Hu and Paulo C. C. Freire
Universe 2024, 10(4), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10040160 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Neutron stars (NSs) are compact objects that host the densest forms of matter in the observable universe, providing unique opportunities to study the behaviour of matter at extreme densities. While precision measurements of NS masses through pulsar timing have imposed effective constraints on [...] Read more.
Neutron stars (NSs) are compact objects that host the densest forms of matter in the observable universe, providing unique opportunities to study the behaviour of matter at extreme densities. While precision measurements of NS masses through pulsar timing have imposed effective constraints on the equation of state (EoS) of dense matter, accurately determining the radius or moment of inertia (MoI) of an NS remains a major challenge. This article presents a detailed review on measuring the Lense–Thirring (LT) precession effect in the orbit of binary pulsars, which would give access to the MoI of NSs and offer further constraints on the EoS. We discuss the suitability of certain classes of binary pulsars for measuring the LT precession from the perspective of binary star evolution and highlight five pulsars that exhibit properties promising to realise these goals in the near future. Finally, discoveries of compact binaries with shorter orbital periods hold the potential to greatly enhance measurements of the MoI of NSs. The MoI measurements of binary pulsars are pivotal to advancing our understanding of matter at supranuclear densities, as well as improving the precision of gravity tests, such as the orbital decay due to gravitational wave emission, and of tests of alternative gravity theories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Neutron Stars)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
12 pages, 1169 KiB  
Article
The Optimization of Nickel-Rich Cathode-Material Production on a Pilot Plant Scale
by Agus Purwanto, Muhammad Nur Ikhsanudin, Putri Putih Puspa Asri, Afifah Salma Giasari, Miftakhul Hakam, Cornelius Satria Yudha, Hendri Widiyandari, Endah Retno Dyartanti, Arif Jumari and Adrian Nur
Processes 2024, 12(4), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040685 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remain the cornerstone of EV technology due to their exceptional energy density. The selection of cathode materials is a decisive factor in LIB technology, profoundly influencing performance, energy density, and lifespan. Among these materials, nickel-rich NCM cathodes have gained significant [...] Read more.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remain the cornerstone of EV technology due to their exceptional energy density. The selection of cathode materials is a decisive factor in LIB technology, profoundly influencing performance, energy density, and lifespan. Among these materials, nickel-rich NCM cathodes have gained significant attention due to their high specific capacity and cost-effectiveness, making them a preferred choice for EV energy storage. However, the transition from the laboratory-scale to industrial-scale production of NMC-811 cathode material presents challenges, particularly in optimizing the oxidation process of Ni2+ ions. This paper addresses the challenges of transitioning NMC-811 cathode material production from a lab scale to a pilot scale, with its high nickel content requiring specialized oxidation processes. The important point emphasized in this transition process is how to produce cathode materials on a pilot scale, but show results equivalent to the laboratory scale. Several optimization variations are carried out, namely, the optimization of the heating rate and the calcination and sintering temperatures, as well as oxygen variations. These two aspects are important for large-scale production. This paper discusses strategies for successful pilot-scale production, laying the foundation for industrial-scale manufacturing. Additionally, NMC-811 cathodes are incorporated into 18650 cylindrical cells, advancing the adoption of high-performance cathode materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
18 pages, 33716 KiB  
Article
Biaxial Testing of Thin Metal Sheets under Non-Proportional Loading Conditions
by Steffen Gerke, Fabuer R. Valencia and Michael Brünig
Metals 2024, 14(4), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040397 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
During the manufacturing and service of thin metal sheets, different stress states occur, often caused by non-proportional loading conditions. They can lead to localization of inelastic deformations as well as to damage and failure processes. In the present paper, a series of experiments [...] Read more.
During the manufacturing and service of thin metal sheets, different stress states occur, often caused by non-proportional loading conditions. They can lead to localization of inelastic deformations as well as to damage and failure processes. In the present paper, a series of experiments with newly designed biaxially loaded specimens is presented to analyze the damage and failure behavior of thin ductile metal sheets under non-proportional load paths. Bands of holes with different orientation have been milled in critical regions of the specimens to localize stresses and strains. In compression tests, a special downholder is used to avoid buckling. During the loading processes, strain fields in critical regions of the specimens are monitored by digital image correlation technique. After the experiments, fracture surfaces are investigated by scanning electron microscopy showing different damage and fracture modes depending on the loading history. The experiments clearly demonstrate the efficiency of the thin specimens and the experimental program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
26 pages, 1863 KiB  
Review
Exploring Safety of Machineries and Training: An Overview of Current Literature Applied to Manufacturing Environments
by Maria Elena Del Giudice, Mahnaz Sharafkhani, Mario Di Nardo, Teresa Murino and Maria Chiara Leva
Processes 2024, 12(4), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040684 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
A machine is described as an assembly that has a drive system installed or is planned to have a drive system installed and that is constituted of linked elements or components, at least one of which moves, that are connected for a particular [...] Read more.
A machine is described as an assembly that has a drive system installed or is planned to have a drive system installed and that is constituted of linked elements or components, at least one of which moves, that are connected for a particular application (ISO12100). Different types of risks are present in machines, and exposure to them can cause harm or even death. When risk has been adequately reduced, machinery safety considers a machine’s ability to complete its intended duty throughout its life cycle. A literature review was carried out using “safety of machinery” as a keyword, which produced an analysis of 29 papers published from 2008 to 2024. The papers were examined through bibliometric analysis of the year of publication, country, citation statistics, and study of the keywords. These studies were classified into accident analysis papers, papers focused on the normative, papers that addressed risk assessment tools, and papers that conducted quantitative research. In addition, a more in-depth analysis of the articles associated with the keywords with the highest number of occurrences was carried out. Lastly, studies with quantitative analyses were analysed to identify new possible aspects that it is necessary to investigate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment and Safety Management in the Manufacturing Process)
17 pages, 617 KiB  
Article
Solvation of Model Biomolecules in Choline-Aminoate Ionic Liquids: A Computational Simulation Using Polarizable Force Fields
by Stefano Russo and Enrico Bodo
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071524 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
One can foresee a very near future where ionic liquids will be used in applications such as biomolecular chemistry or medicine. The molecular details of their interaction with biological matter, however, are difficult to investigate due to the vast number of combinations of [...] Read more.
One can foresee a very near future where ionic liquids will be used in applications such as biomolecular chemistry or medicine. The molecular details of their interaction with biological matter, however, are difficult to investigate due to the vast number of combinations of both the biological systems and the variety of possible liquids. Here, we provide a computational study aimed at understanding the interaction of a special class of biocompatible ionic liquids (choline-aminoate) with two model biological systems: an oligopeptide and an oligonucleotide. We employed molecular dynamics with a polarizable force field. Our results are in line with previous experimental and computational evidence on analogous systems and show how these biocompatible ionic liquids, in their pure form, act as gentle solvents for protein structures while simultaneously destabilizing DNA structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computational and Theoretical Chemistry)
28 pages, 6922 KiB  
Review
Review of GNSS-R Technology for Soil Moisture Inversion
by Changzhi Yang, Kebiao Mao, Zhonghua Guo, Jiancheng Shi, Sayed M. Bateni and Zijin Yuan
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(7), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071193 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Soil moisture (SM) is an important parameter in water cycle research. Rapid and accurate monitoring of SM is critical for hydrological and agricultural applications, such as flood detection and drought characterization. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) uses L-band microwave signals as carriers, [...] Read more.
Soil moisture (SM) is an important parameter in water cycle research. Rapid and accurate monitoring of SM is critical for hydrological and agricultural applications, such as flood detection and drought characterization. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) uses L-band microwave signals as carriers, which are particularly sensitive to SM and suitable for monitoring it. In recent years, with the development of Global Navigation Satellite System–Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology and data analysis methods, many studies have been conducted on GNSS-R SM monitoring, which has further enriched the research content. However, current GNSS-R SM inversion methods mainly rely on auxiliary data to reduce the impact of non-target parameters on the accuracy of inversion results, which limits the practical application and widespread promotion of GNSS-R SM monitoring. In order to promote further development in GNSS-R SM inversion research, this paper aims to comprehensively review the current status and principles of GNSS-R SM inversion methods. It also aims to identify the problems and future research directions of existing research, providing a reference for researchers. Firstly, it introduces the characteristics, usage scenarios, and research status of different GNSS-R SM observation platforms. Then, it explains the mechanisms and modeling methods of various GNSS-R SM inversion research methods. Finally, it highlights the shortcomings of existing research and proposes future research directions, including the introduction of transfer learning (TL), construction of small models based on spatiotemporal analysis and spatial feature fusion, and further promoting downscaling research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Remote Sensing)

Open Access Journals

Browse by Indexing Browse by Subject Selected Journals
Back to TopTop
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news