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11 pages, 2479 KiB  
Article
Antihistamine Medication Blunts Localized-Vibration-Induced Increases in Popliteal Blood Flow
by Devin Needs, Jonathan Blotter, Gilbert W. Fellingham, Glenn Cruse, Jayson R. Gifford, Aaron Wayne Johnson and Jeffrey Brent Feland
Vibration 2024, 7(2), 351-361; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7020017 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Localized vibration (LV) of the lower leg increases arterial blood flow (BF). However, it is unclear how LV causes this increase. Understanding the mechanisms of this response could lead to the optimized future use of LV as a therapy. One possible mechanism of [...] Read more.
Localized vibration (LV) of the lower leg increases arterial blood flow (BF). However, it is unclear how LV causes this increase. Understanding the mechanisms of this response could lead to the optimized future use of LV as a therapy. One possible mechanism of LV-mediated BF is through histamine release by mechanosensitive mast cells. The purpose of this study was to measure the BF response of 21 recreationally active young adults (11 male, 10 female, mean age 22.1 years) after 47 Hz and 10 min LV to the calf, with and without antihistamine medication (180 mg Fexofenadine). Each participant received both control (no antihistamine) and antihistamine (treatment) conditions separated by at least 24 h. BF ultrasound measurements (mean and peak blood velocity, volume flow, popliteal diameter, and heart rate) were taken before LV therapy and periodically for 19 min post LV. Using a cell means mixed model, we found that LV significantly increased the control mean blood velocity immediately post LV but did not significantly increase the antihistamine mean blood velocity immediately post LV. Therefore, we hypothesize that a primary mechanism of LV increase in BF is histamine release from mechano-sensing mast cells, and that this response is force-dependent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)
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23 pages, 11049 KiB  
Article
Effect of Anodic Oxidation Pulse Voltage on Antibacterial Properties and Biocompatibility of Ti-Ag Alloy
by Zhen Ma, Yudong Yan, Chang Shi, Kexin Di, Jianwei Xu, Qicong Liu, Liting Mu, Jianming Zheng, Jiali Hu and Erlin Zhang
Coatings 2024, 14(4), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14040405 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
For the application of titanium and titanium alloys in orthopedic implant materials, the antibacterial properties and cell biocompatibility determine whether the implant surgery is successful. In this study, a functional anodic oxidation (AO) coating was successfully prepared to modify the surface of Ti-Ag [...] Read more.
For the application of titanium and titanium alloys in orthopedic implant materials, the antibacterial properties and cell biocompatibility determine whether the implant surgery is successful. In this study, a functional anodic oxidation (AO) coating was successfully prepared to modify the surface of Ti-Ag alloy. The surface characteristics of the anodized Ti-Ag alloy were analyzed using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. The corrosion characteristics of Ti-Ag samples were tested by an electrochemical workstation. In addition, the antibacterial properties and cell activity were studied by the plate count method and MC3T3-E1 cell staining. The results indicate that the AO process can generate a multi-functional TiO2/Ag2O coating with a large number of block and flower-like structures on the surface of a Ti-Ag alloy. When the AO voltage of the sample is 120 V, the maximum roughness is 0.73 μm and the minimum wetting degree is 23°, which improves the biocompatibility. The corrosion test results show that AO treatment can improve the corrosion resistance of a Ti-Ag alloy. The oxidation voltage is 20 V and the coating has the best corrosion resistance. The corrosion open circuit potential (Eocp) is 107.621 mV and the corrosion current density (icorr) is 2.241 × 10−8 A·cm−2. This coating can promote ion release and show more than 99% of a strong antibacterial ability against S. aureus. The results of the compatibility evaluation by cultured cells showed that the multifunctional coating formed by the anodic oxidation process did not cause cytotoxicity and promoted the adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic and Metallic Biomaterials. Application in Medical Sciences)
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8 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
Cosmological Mass of the Photon Related to Stueckelberg and Higgs Mechanisms
by Lorenzo Gallerani Resca
Particles 2024, 7(2), 289-296; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles7020017 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
I consider the electro-weak (EW) masses and interactions generated by photons using vacuum expectation values of Stueckelberg and Higgs fields. I provide a prescription to relate their parametric values to a cosmological range derived from the fundamental Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Einstein–de [...] Read more.
I consider the electro-weak (EW) masses and interactions generated by photons using vacuum expectation values of Stueckelberg and Higgs fields. I provide a prescription to relate their parametric values to a cosmological range derived from the fundamental Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Einstein–de Sitter cosmological constant and horizon. This yields qualitative connections between microscopic ranges acquired by W± or Z0 gauge Bosons and the cosmological scale and minimal mass acquired by g-photons. I apply this procedure to an established Stueckelberg–Higgs mechanism, while I consider a similar procedure for a pair of Higgs fields that may spontaneously break all U(1) × SU(2) gauge invariances. My estimates of photon masses and their additional parity-breaking interactions with leptons and neutrinos may be detectable in suitable accelerator experiments. Their effects may also be observable astronomically through massive g-photon condensates that may contribute to dark matter and dark energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for Particles 2023)
13 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture and Bone Mineral Density in Young Women, Including Selected Hormonal Parameters
by El?bieta Sowińska-Przepiera, Mariola Krzy?cin, Igor Syrenicz, Adrianna ?wiertnia, Adrianna Orlińska, Dorota ?wiek, Dorota Branecka-Wo?niak, Aneta Cymbaluk-P?oska, ?ana Bumbulien? and Anhelli Syrenicz
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040758 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The absence of non-invasive methods for assessing bone material and structural changes is a significant diagnostic challenge. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) testing is the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis. BMD and the trabecular bone score (TBS) have facilitated targeted [...] Read more.
The absence of non-invasive methods for assessing bone material and structural changes is a significant diagnostic challenge. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) testing is the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis. BMD and the trabecular bone score (TBS) have facilitated targeted osteoporosis prevention and treatment in clinical settings. The findings from this study indicate that BMD modulation in young women is influenced by various hormones, potentially compromising the diagnostic precision of BMD for subclinical bone demineralization. A total of 205 women aged 19 to 37 underwent anthropometric measurements and hormonal tests. BMD was determined using DXA, and TBS values were computed from the lumbar spine L1–L4 segment. The multivariate analysis findings suggest that BMD might not be determined by hormones. The relationship between TBS and TSH was statistically significant in the univariate analysis, which indicates the efficacy of further studies to determine the link between TBS and specific hormones. Analyzing the strength of the correlation between TBS and hormones in the univariate analysis shows which factors are worth considering in further analyses. This makes it possible to create better techniques that will help identify young women who are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Full article
13 pages, 972 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Microglia on Neuroplasticity and Long-Term Cognitive Sequelae in Long COVID: Impacts on Brain Development and Beyond
by Luana da Silva Chagas and Claudio Alberto Serfaty
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3819; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073819 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability [...] Read more.
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability to undergo full experience-dependent plasticity in adults. Since neuroinflammation is a known key element in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, one might expect the dysregulation of microglial function to severely impact both functional and structural plasticity, leading to the cognitive sequelae that appear in the pathogenesis of Long COVID. Therefore, understanding this complex scenario is mandatory for establishing the possible molecular mechanisms related to these symptoms. In the present review, we will discuss Long COVID and its association with reduced levels of BDNF, altered crosstalk between circulating immune cells and microglia, increased levels of inflammasomes, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the alterations in signaling pathways that impact neural synaptic remodeling and plasticity, such as fractalkines, the complement system, the expression of SIRPα and CD47 molecules and altered matrix remodeling. Together, these complex mechanisms may help us understand consequences of Long COVID for brain development and its association with altered brain plasticity, impacting learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as cognitive decline in adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Microglia Research)
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18 pages, 769 KiB  
Review
Synthetic Cathinones: Epidemiology, Toxicity, Potential for Abuse, and Current Public Health Perspective
by Shanshan Chen, Wenhua Zhou and Miaojun Lai
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040334 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, derived from cathinone found in the plant Catha edulis, represent the second largest and most frequently seized group of new psychoactive substances. They are considered as β-keto analogs of amphetamine, sharing pharmacological effects with amphetamine and cocaine. This review describes the [...] Read more.
Synthetic cathinones, derived from cathinone found in the plant Catha edulis, represent the second largest and most frequently seized group of new psychoactive substances. They are considered as β-keto analogs of amphetamine, sharing pharmacological effects with amphetamine and cocaine. This review describes the neurotoxic properties of synthetic cathinones, encompassing their capacity to induce neuroinflammation, dysregulate neurotransmitter systems, and alter monoamine transporters and receptors. Additionally, it discusses the rewarding and abuse potential of synthetic cathinones drawing from findings obtained through various preclinical animal models, contextualized with other classical psychostimulants. The review also offers an overview of current abuse trends of synthetic cathinones on the illicit drug market, specifying the aspects covered, and underscores the risks they pose to public health. Finally, the review discusses public health initiatives and efforts to reduce the hazards of synthetic cathinones, including harm reduction methods, education, and current clinical management strategies. Full article
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18 pages, 6859 KiB  
Article
Advanced Synthesis and Characterization of CdO/CdS/ZnO Heterostructures for Solar Energy Applications
by Yana Suchikova, Sergii Kovachov, Ihor Bohdanov, Zhakyp T. Karipbayev, Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy, Anastasiia Lysak, Vladimir Pankratov and Anatoli I. Popov
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071566 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative method for synthesizing Cadmium Oxide /Cadmium Sulfide/Zinc Oxide heterostructures (CdO/CdS/ZnO), emphasizing their potential application in solar energy. Utilizing a combination of electrochemical deposition and oxygen annealing, the research provides a thorough analysis of the heterostructures through scanning electron [...] Read more.
This study introduces an innovative method for synthesizing Cadmium Oxide /Cadmium Sulfide/Zinc Oxide heterostructures (CdO/CdS/ZnO), emphasizing their potential application in solar energy. Utilizing a combination of electrochemical deposition and oxygen annealing, the research provides a thorough analysis of the heterostructures through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The findings reveal a complex surface morphology and a composite structure with significant contributions from hexagonal CdS and cubic CdO phases. The study highlights the uniformity in the distribution of luminescent centers and the crystalline quality of the heterostructures, which is evident from the PL analysis. The redshift observed in the emission peak and the additional peaks in the excitation spectrum indicate intricate optical properties influenced by various factors, including quantum confinement and lattice strain. The research demonstrates these heterostructures’ potential in enhancing solar cells’ efficiency and applicability in optoelectronic devices. This comprehensive characterization and analysis pave the way for future optimization and application in efficient and sustainable solar energy solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Electronic Applications)
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15 pages, 2791 KiB  
Article
The Potential of Bioactive Fish Collagen Oligopeptides against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced NIH/3T3 and HUVEC Damage: The Involvement of the Mitochondria
by Na Zhu, Rui Liu, Meihong Xu and Yong Li
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071004 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Extensive in vivo investigations have demonstrated the antioxidant properties of fish collagen oligopeptides (FCOPs). One of the main causes of aging and chronic non-communicable diseases is oxidative stress. Therefore, FCOPs have a broad range of applications in illness prevention and delaying aging from [...] Read more.
Extensive in vivo investigations have demonstrated the antioxidant properties of fish collagen oligopeptides (FCOPs). One of the main causes of aging and chronic non-communicable diseases is oxidative stress. Therefore, FCOPs have a broad range of applications in illness prevention and delaying aging from the standpoint of the “food is medicine” theory. However, the mechanisms that underpin the antioxidant activity of FCOPs are not completely understood. The specific objective of this essay was to investigate the antioxidant effect of FCOPs and its possible mechanism at the cellular level. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH/3T3 and human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 200 µM hydrogen peroxide containing different concentrations of FCOPs for 4 h and were supplemented with different concentrations of FCOPs for 24 h. Normal growth medium without FCOPs was applied for control cells. An array of assays was used to evaluate the implications of FCOPs on cellular oxidative stress status, cellular homeostasis, inflammatory levels, and mitochondrial function. We found that FCOPs exerted a protective effect by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activities and cell viability, inhibiting cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, suppressing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) secretion, downregulating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, protecting mitochondrial membrane potential, and increasing ATP synthesis and NAD+ activities in both cells. FCOPs had a stronger antioxidant impact on NIH/3T3 than on HUVECs, simultaneously increasing glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content in NIH/3T3. These findings indicate that FCOPs have antioxidant effects on different tissue cells damaged by oxidative stress. FCOPs were therefore found to promote cellular homeostasis, inhibit inflammation, and protect mitochondria. Meanwhile, better health outcomes will be achieved by thoroughly investigating the effective dose and intervention time of FCOPs, as the absorption efficiency of FCOPs varies in different tissue cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Peptides: Challenges and Opportunities)
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11 pages, 221 KiB  
Article
Visiting with Elders—Aging, Caregiving, and Planning for Future Generations of American Indians and Alaska Natives
by Cole Allick and Marija Bogic
Genealogy 2024, 8(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8020036 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: To address the importance of engaging American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a dialogue about healthy aging and fill the gap in the scholarly literature on this topic. (2) Methods: This study conducted a listening session with Elders who attended [...] Read more.
(1) Background: To address the importance of engaging American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a dialogue about healthy aging and fill the gap in the scholarly literature on this topic. (2) Methods: This study conducted a listening session with Elders who attended the 2021 National Indian Council on Aging (NICOA) Annual Conference in Reno, Nevada. The listening session was audio-recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis by two analysts. (3) Results: Important insights regarding American Indian and Alaska Native Elders’ perspectives on planning for future care and aging-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. (4) Conclusions: This study is one of the first to engage American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a conversation about health aging. Calls for intergenerational solidarity, protection of Elders, education, and relationality were found to be important themes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Health and Wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples)
11 pages, 594 KiB  
Article
Disentangling Gender and Relative Age Effects in Women’s and Girls’ Rugby Union
by Adam L. Kelly, Diogo Coutinho, John M. Radnor, Kate Burke, Donald Barrell, Daniel Jackson and Paolo R. Brustio
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020061 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Relative age effects (RAEs) within sports refer to the overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in the selection year and the underrepresentation of those born later in the selection year. Research examining RAEs in women’s and girls’ rugby union remains limited in comparison to [...] Read more.
Relative age effects (RAEs) within sports refer to the overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in the selection year and the underrepresentation of those born later in the selection year. Research examining RAEs in women’s and girls’ rugby union remains limited in comparison to the male literature, whilst the impacts of RAEs on the youth–senior transition are yet to be explored in a female sport context. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine RAEs during entry into the women’s and girls’ premiership and international rugby union pathways in England, as well as to compare them to their respective senior cohort (n = 1367): (a) U18 England Rugby Centre of Excellence Player (n = 325) vs. Senior Premiership Player (n = 868), and (b) U18 England Player (n = 49) vs. Senior England Player (n = 125). Chi-square (χ2) analyses compared birth quarter (BQ) distributions against expected distributions. The findings revealed no significant difference in BQ distributions at either youth or senior levels, as well as no significant differences in the BQ distributions of those who were likely to transition from youth to senior levels (all p > 0.05). Importantly, though, descriptive statistics showed a skewed birthdate distribution in both U18 England Rugby Centre of Excellence Player (BQ1 = 30% vs. BQ4 = 20%) and U18 England Player cohorts (BQ1 = 33% vs. BQ4 = 18%). We highlight the gender-specific mechanisms that potentially explain the variations between male and female RAEs in rugby union, including developmental differences, sport popularity, and sociocultural norms. We also warn against a ‘copy and paste’ template from the male provision to ensure the recent growth of female rugby union does not fall victim to the same RAEs in the future. Full article
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19 pages, 1949 KiB  
Article
Psychometric Modeling to Identify Examinees’ Strategy Differences during Testing
by Clifford E. Hauenstein, Susan E. Embretson and Eunbee Kim
J. Intell. 2024, 12(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12040040 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Aptitude test scores are typically interpreted similarly for examinees with the same overall score. However, research has found evidence of examinee differences in strategies, as well as in the continued application of appropriate procedures during testing. Such differences can impact the correlates of [...] Read more.
Aptitude test scores are typically interpreted similarly for examinees with the same overall score. However, research has found evidence of examinee differences in strategies, as well as in the continued application of appropriate procedures during testing. Such differences can impact the correlates of test scores, making similar interpretations for equivalent scores questionable. This study presents some item response theory (IRT) models that are relevant to identifying examinee differences in strategies and understanding of test-taking procedures. First, mixture IRT models that identify latent classes of examinees with different patterns of item responses are considered; these models have long been available but unfortunately are not routinely applied. Strategy differences between the classes can then be studied separately by modeling the response patterns with cognitive complexity variables within each class. Secondly, novel psychometric approaches that leverage response time information (in particular, response time residuals) in order to identify both inter and intraindividual variability in response processes are considered. In doing so, a general method for evaluating threats to validity is proposed. The utility of the approach, in terms of providing more interpretable performance estimates and improving the administration of psychological measurement instruments, is then demonstrated with an empirical example. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Psychometric Methods: Theory and Practice)
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14 pages, 1212 KiB  
Article
Gene Dosage of F5 c.3481C>T Stop-Codon (p.R1161Ter) Switches the Clinical Phenotype from Severe Thrombosis to Recurrent Haemorrhage: Novel Hypotheses for Readthrough Strategy
by Donato Gemmati, Elisabetta D’Aversa, Bianca Antonica, Miriana Grisafi, Francesca Salvatori, Stefano Pizzicotti, Patrizia Pellegatti, Nadia Ciccone, Stefano Moratelli, Maria Luisa Serino and Veronica Tisato
Genes 2024, 15(4), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15040432 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Inherited defects in the genes of blood coagulation essentially express the severity of the clinical phenotype that is directly correlated to the number of mutated alleles of the candidate leader gene (e.g., heterozygote vs. homozygote) and of possible additional coinherited traits. The F5 [...] Read more.
Inherited defects in the genes of blood coagulation essentially express the severity of the clinical phenotype that is directly correlated to the number of mutated alleles of the candidate leader gene (e.g., heterozygote vs. homozygote) and of possible additional coinherited traits. The F5 gene, which codes for coagulation factor V (FV), plays a two-faced role in the coagulation cascade, exhibiting both procoagulant and anticoagulant functions. Thus, defects in this gene can be predisposed to either bleeding or thrombosis. A Sanger sequence analysis detected a premature stop-codon in exon 13 of the F5 gene (c.3481C>T; p.R1161Ter) in several members of a family characterised by low circulating FV levels and contrasting clinical phenotypes. The propositus, a 29 y.o. male affected by recurrent haemorrhages, was homozygous for the F5 stop-codon and for the F5 c.1691G>A (p.R506Q; FV-Leiden) inherited from the heterozygous parents, which is suggestive of combined cis-segregation. The homozygous condition of the stop-codon completely abolished the F5 gene expression in the propositus (FV:Ag < 1%; FV:C < 1%; assessed by ELISA and PT-based one-stage clotting assay respectively), removing, in turn, any chance for FV-Leiden to act as a prothrombotic molecule. His father (57 y.o.), characterised by severe recurrent venous thromboses, underwent a complete molecular thrombophilic screening, revealing a heterozygous F2 G20210A defect, while his mother (56 y.o.), who was negative for further common coagulation defects, reported fully asymptomatic anamnesis. To dissect these conflicting phenotypes, we performed the ProC®Global (Siemens Helthineers) coagulation test aimed at assessing the global pro- and anticoagulant balance of each family member, investigating the responses to the activated protein C (APC) by means of an APC-sensitivity ratio (APC-sr). The propositus had an unexpectedly poor response to APC (APC-sr: 1.09; n.v. > 2.25), and his father and mother had an APC-sr of 1.5 and 2.0, respectively. Although ProC®Global prevalently detects the anticoagulant side of FV, the exceptionally low APC-sr of the propositus and his discordant severe–moderate haemorrhagic phenotype could suggest a residual expression of mutated FV p.506QQ through a natural readthrough or possible alternative splicing mechanisms. The coagulation pathway may be physiologically rebalanced through natural and induced strategies, and the described insights might be able to track the design of novel treatment approaches and rebalancing molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases 2023)
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14 pages, 19042 KiB  
Article
Precision Landing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle under Wind Disturbance Using Derivative Sliding Mode Nonlinear Disturbance Observer-Based Control Method
by Sunghun Jung
Aerospace 2024, 11(4), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11040265 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are extensively employed in civilian and military applications because of their excellent maneuverability. Achieving fully autonomous quadrotor flight and precision landing on a wireless charging station in the presence of wind disturbance has become a crucial research topic. This [...] Read more.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are extensively employed in civilian and military applications because of their excellent maneuverability. Achieving fully autonomous quadrotor flight and precision landing on a wireless charging station in the presence of wind disturbance has become a crucial research topic. This paper presents a composite control technique for UAV altitude and attitude tracking in harsh environments, i.e., wind disturbance. A composite controller was developed based on nonlinear disturbance observer (NDOB) control theory to allow the UAV to land in the presence of random external wind disturbances and ground effects. The NDOB estimated the unknown wind disturbance, and the estimation was fed into the derivative sliding mode nonlinear disturbance observer-based control (DSMNDOBC), allowing the UAV to perform autonomous precision landing. Two loop designs were applied: the inner loop for stabilization and the outer loop for altitude tracking. The quadrotor model dynamics and the proposed controller, DSMNDOBC, were simulated employing MATLAB/Simulink®, and the results were compared with the one obtained by the proportional derivative (PD) controller and the sliding mode controller (SMC). The simulation results indicated that the DSMNDOBC has superior altitude and attitude control compared to the PD and SMC controllers and better disturbance estimation and attenuation performance. Full article
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25 pages, 2894 KiB  
Review
NDRGs in Breast Cancer: A Review and In Silico Analysis
by Emilly S. Villodre, Anh P. N. Nguyen and Bisrat G. Debeb
Cancers 2024, 16(7), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071342 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The N-myc downstream regulated gene family (NDRGs) includes four members: NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3, and NDRG4. These members exhibit 53–65% amino acid identity. The role of NDRGs in tumor growth and metastasis appears to be tumor- and context-dependent. While many [...] Read more.
The N-myc downstream regulated gene family (NDRGs) includes four members: NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3, and NDRG4. These members exhibit 53–65% amino acid identity. The role of NDRGs in tumor growth and metastasis appears to be tumor- and context-dependent. While many studies have reported that these family members have tumor suppressive roles, recent studies have demonstrated that NDRGs, particularly NDRG1 and NDRG2, function as oncogenes, promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, NDRGs are involved in regulating different signaling pathways and exhibit diverse cellular functions in breast cancers. In this review, we comprehensively outline the oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles of the NDRG family members in breast cancer, examining evidence from in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models as well as tumor tissues from breast cancer patients. We also present analyses of publicly available genomic and transcriptomic data from multiple independent cohorts of breast cancer patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oncogenomic and Multi-Omic Data Science and Data Engineering)
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13 pages, 2359 KiB  
Article
Locating Electrified Aircraft Service to Reduce Urban Congestion
by Raj Bridgelall
Information 2024, 15(4), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/info15040186 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The relentless expansion of urban populations and the surge in e-commerce have increased the demand for rapid delivery services, leading to an increase in truck traffic that contributes to urban congestion, environmental pollution, and economic inefficiencies. The critical challenge this poses is not [...] Read more.
The relentless expansion of urban populations and the surge in e-commerce have increased the demand for rapid delivery services, leading to an increase in truck traffic that contributes to urban congestion, environmental pollution, and economic inefficiencies. The critical challenge this poses is not only in managing urban spaces efficiently but also in aligning with global sustainability goals. This study addresses the pressing need for innovative solutions to reduce reliance on truck transportation in congested urban areas without compromising the efficiency of freight delivery systems. This study contributes a novel approach that leverages electrified and autonomous aircraft (EAA) cargo shuttles to shift the bulk of air transportable freight from road to air, specifically targeting underutilized airports and establishing vertiports in remote locations. By applying data mining techniques to analyze freight flow data, this research identifies key commodity categories and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where the implementation of EAA services could significantly mitigate truck-induced congestion. The findings reveal that targeting a select few commodities and MSAs can potentially decrease truck traffic, with electronics emerging as the dominant commodity category, and cities like Los Angeles and Chicago as prime candidates for initial EAA service deployment. Stakeholders in urban planning, transportation logistics, and environmental policy will find this study’s insights beneficial. This work lays a foundation for future innovations in sustainable urban mobility and logistics. Full article
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18 pages, 17759 KiB  
Article
Long-Lasting Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized with Tagetes erecta and Their Antibacterial Activity against Erwinia amylovora, a Serious Rosaceous Pathogen
by Johana Zarate-Escobedo, Hilda Araceli Zavaleta-Mancera, Ramón Marcos Soto-Hernández, Paulino Pérez-Rodríguez, Alfredo Rafael Vilchis-Nestor, Hilda Victoria Silva-Rojas and Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez
Plants 2024, 13(7), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070981 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A rapid, eco-friendly, and simple method for the synthesis of long-lasting (2 years) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is reported using aqueous leaf and petal extracts of Tagetes erecta L. The particles were characterized using UV-Visible spectrophotometry and the analytical and crystallographic techniques of transmission [...] Read more.
A rapid, eco-friendly, and simple method for the synthesis of long-lasting (2 years) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is reported using aqueous leaf and petal extracts of Tagetes erecta L. The particles were characterized using UV-Visible spectrophotometry and the analytical and crystallographic techniques of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The longevity of the AgNPs was studied using UV-Vis and high-resolution TEM. The antibacterial activity of the particles against Erwinia amylovora was evaluated using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). Both the leaf and petal extracts produced AgNPs, but the leaf extract (1 mL) was long-lasting and quasi-spherical (17.64 ± 8.87 nm), with an absorbance of UV-Vis λmax 433 and a crystalline structure (fcc, 111). Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids which are associated with -OH, C=O, and C=C were identified in the extracts and could act as reducing and stabilizing agents. The best antibacterial activity was obtained with a nanoparticle concentration of 50 mg AgNPs L−1. The main contribution of the present research is to present a sustainable method for producing nanoparticles which are stable for 2 years and with antibacterial activity against E. amylovora, one of most threatening pathogens to pear and apple productions. Full article
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12 pages, 258 KiB  
Article
Early Modern Imperial Philologies: Ahmad al-Hajarî and the Lead Books of Granada
by Oumelbanine Zhiri
Religions 2024, 15(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15040428 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The Morisco polymath Ahmad ibn Qâsim al-Hajarî (c.1569–c.1640) was a diplomat, a writer and translator. His engagement with philology, i.e., the edition, annotation and translation of texts, especially the Lead Books of Granada, is an important part of his work. This article examines [...] Read more.
The Morisco polymath Ahmad ibn Qâsim al-Hajarî (c.1569–c.1640) was a diplomat, a writer and translator. His engagement with philology, i.e., the edition, annotation and translation of texts, especially the Lead Books of Granada, is an important part of his work. This article examines his philological practices and how he deployed them in order to defend Islam and Islamic power and to counter the hegemonic claims of the Spanish Catholic Empire. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theology and Aesthetics in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires)
10 pages, 5543 KiB  
Review
From Galls to Cecidological Herbaria: The Role of Gall Collections in Modern Life Sciences
by Mauro Mandrioli, Luca Tonetti, Tiziana Beltrame and Elena Canadelli
Life 2024, 14(4), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040452 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Galls (also known as cecidia) have been studied by botanists, zoologists and microbiologists over the last century. Indeed, galls can be induced by different animals, bacteria, viruses and fungi, so that their presence simultaneously attested the presence of specific host plants and gall-inducing [...] Read more.
Galls (also known as cecidia) have been studied by botanists, zoologists and microbiologists over the last century. Indeed, galls can be induced by different animals, bacteria, viruses and fungi, so that their presence simultaneously attested the presence of specific host plants and gall-inducing species. Consequently, gall collections, also known as cecidological herbaria or cecidological collections, can be interesting to study biodiversity changes over time. This review describes the main cecidological collections currently available in different European museums in order to stimulate their future study. The present analysis suggests that well-organized and preserved cecidological collections have great potential to guide research in taxonomy and systematics. Furthermore, this review aims to encourage future research on the conservation and digitisation standards of gall specimens in order to make cecidological data more accessible to researchers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Progress in Forensic Analysis of Animal and Plant Samples)
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15 pages, 3351 KiB  
Article
The Role of Acyl-CoA Synthetase 1 in Bioactive Lipid Accumulation and the Development of Hepatic Insulin Resistance
by Piotr Zabielski, Monika Imierska, Kamila Roszczyc-Owsiejczuk, Mariusz Ku?micki, Pawe? Rogalski, Jaros?aw Daniluk and Agnieszka U. B?achnio-Zabielska
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071003 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The liver plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism. Obesity and a diet rich in fats (HFD) contribute to the accumulation of intracellular lipids. The aim of the study was to explore the involvement of acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) in bioactive lipid accumulation [...] Read more.
The liver plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism. Obesity and a diet rich in fats (HFD) contribute to the accumulation of intracellular lipids. The aim of the study was to explore the involvement of acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) in bioactive lipid accumulation and the induction of liver insulin resistance (InsR) in animals fed an HFD. The experiments were performed on male C57BL/6 mice divided into the following experimental groups: 1. Animals fed a control diet; 2. animals fed HFD; and 3. HFD-fed animals with the hepatic ACSL1 gene silenced through a hydrodynamic gene delivery technique. Long-chain acyl-CoAs, sphingolipids, and diacylglycerols were measured by LC/MS/MS. Glycogen was measured by means of a commercially available kit. The protein expression and phosphorylation state of the insulin pathway was estimated by Western blot. HFD-fed mice developed InsR, manifested as an increase in fasting blood glucose levels (202.5 mg/dL vs. 130.5 mg/dL in the control group) and inhibition of the insulin pathway, which resulted in an increase in the rate of gluconeogenesis (0.420 vs. 0.208 in the control group) and a decrease in the hepatic glycogen content (1.17 μg/mg vs. 2.32 μg/mg in the control group). Hepatic ACSL1 silencing resulted in decreased lipid content and improved insulin sensitivity, accounting for the decreased rate of gluconeogenesis (0.348 vs. 0.420 in HFD(+/+)) and the increased glycogen content (4.3 μg/mg vs. 1.17 μg/mg in HFD(+/+)). The elevation of gluconeogenesis and the decrease in glycogenesis in the hepatic tissue of HFD-fed mice resulted from cellular lipid accumulation. Inhibition of lipid synthesis through silencing ACSL1 alleviated HFD-induced hepatic InsR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in the Liver Damage)
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17 pages, 4598 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Silk Fibroin/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Interactions in Aqueous Solution
by Jelena ?krbi?, Ljiljana Spasojevi?, Altynay Sharipova, Saule Aidarova, Alpamys Babayev, Raziya Sarsembekova, Ljiljana Popovi?, Sandra Bu?ko, Jelena Milinkovi? Budin?i?, Jadranka Fraj, Lidija Petrovi? and Jaroslav Katona
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070936 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a protein with many outstanding properties (superior biocompatibility, mechanical strength, etc.) and is often used in many advanced applications (epidermal sensors, tissue engineering, etc.). The properties of SF-based biomaterials may additionally be tuned by SF interactions with other (bio)polymers. [...] Read more.
Silk fibroin (SF) is a protein with many outstanding properties (superior biocompatibility, mechanical strength, etc.) and is often used in many advanced applications (epidermal sensors, tissue engineering, etc.). The properties of SF-based biomaterials may additionally be tuned by SF interactions with other (bio)polymers. Being a weak amphoteric polyelectrolyte, SF may form polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with other polyelectrolytes of opposite charge, such as poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). PAA is a widely used, biocompatible, synthetic polyanion. Here, we investigate PEC formation between SF and PAA of two different molecular weights (MWs), low and high, using various techniques (turbidimetry, zeta potential measurements, capillary viscometry, and tensiometry). The colloidal properties of SF isolated from Bombyx mori and of PAAs (MW, overlap concentration, the influence of pH on zeta potential, adsorption at air/water interface) were determined to identify conditions for the SF-PAA electrostatic interaction. It was shown that SF-PAA PEC formation takes place at different SF:PAA ratios, at pH 3, for both high and low MW PAA. SF-PAA PEC’s properties (phase separation, charge, and surface activity) are influenced by the SF:PAA mass ratio and/or the MW of PAA. The findings on the interactions contribute to the future development of SP-PAA PEC-based films and bioadhesives with tailored properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polyelectrolytes and Polyelectrolyte Complexes)
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19 pages, 1711 KiB  
Review
The Role of Endocrine Disruption Chemical-Regulated Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer
by Kyounghyun Kim
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3818; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073818 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) serves as a ligand-activated transcription factor crucial for regulating fundamental cellular and molecular processes, such as xenobiotic metabolism, immune responses, and cancer development. Notably, a spectrum of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) act as agonists or antagonists of AHR, leading [...] Read more.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) serves as a ligand-activated transcription factor crucial for regulating fundamental cellular and molecular processes, such as xenobiotic metabolism, immune responses, and cancer development. Notably, a spectrum of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) act as agonists or antagonists of AHR, leading to the dysregulation of pivotal cellular and molecular processes and endocrine system disruption. Accumulating evidence suggests a correlation between EDC exposure and the onset of diverse pancreatic diseases, including diabetes, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Despite this association, the mechanistic role of AHR as a linchpin molecule in EDC exposure-related pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases and cancer remains unexplored. This review comprehensively examines the involvement of AHR in EDC exposure-mediated regulation of pancreatic pathogenesis, emphasizing AHR as a potential therapeutic target for the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases and cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrine Disruption and Human Diseases 2.0)
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5 pages, 3101 KiB  
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Arterial Calcification Disappearance in Breast Imaging: A Key Indicator for Transition to Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
by Arisa Sato, Tomoyuki Fujioka, Iichiroh Onishi, Emi Yamaga, Leona Katsuta, Kazunori Kubota, Yuichi Kumaki, Toshiyuki Ishiba, Goshi Oda and Ukihide Tateishi
Diagnostics 2024, 14(7), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070727 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A woman in her 70s, initially suspected of having fibroadenoma due to a well-defined mass in her breast, underwent regular mammography and ultrasound screenings. Over several years, no appreciable alterations in the mass were observed, maintaining the fibroadenoma diagnosis. However, in the fourth [...] Read more.
A woman in her 70s, initially suspected of having fibroadenoma due to a well-defined mass in her breast, underwent regular mammography and ultrasound screenings. Over several years, no appreciable alterations in the mass were observed, maintaining the fibroadenoma diagnosis. However, in the fourth year, an ultrasound indicated slight enlargement and peripheral irregularities in the mass, even though the mammography images at that time showed no alterations. Interestingly, mammography images over time showed the gradual disappearance of previously observed arterial calcification around the mass. Pathological examination eventually identified the mass as invasive ductal carcinoma. Although the patient had breast tissue arterial calcification typical of atherosclerosis, none was present around the tumor-associated arteries. This case highlights the importance of monitoring arterial calcification changes in mammography, suggesting that they are crucial indicators in breast cancer diagnosis, beyond observing size and shape alterations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)
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13 pages, 10309 KiB  
Article
Pathogenicity of Aeromonas veronii Isolated from Diseased Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Host Immune-Related Gene Expression Profiles
by Xiaojian Gao, Zhen Chen, Zirui Zhang, Qieqi Qian, Anting Chen, Lijie Qin, Xinzhe Tang, Qun Jiang and Xiaojun Zhang
Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040694 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii is widespread in aquatic environments and is responsible for infecting various aquatic animals. In this study, a dominant strain was isolated from the hepatopancreas of diseased Macrobrachium rosenbergii and was named JDM1-1. According to its morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and [...] Read more.
Aeromonas veronii is widespread in aquatic environments and is responsible for infecting various aquatic animals. In this study, a dominant strain was isolated from the hepatopancreas of diseased Macrobrachium rosenbergii and was named JDM1-1. According to its morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and molecular identification, isolate JDM1-1 was identified as A. veronii. The results of artificial challenge showed isolate JDM1-1 had high pathogenicity to M. rosenbergii with an LD50 value of 8.35 × 105 CFU/mL during the challenge test. Histopathological analysis revealed severe damage in the hepatopancreas and gills of the diseased prawns, characterized by the enlargement of the hepatic tubule lumen and gaps between the tubules as well as clubbing and degeneration observed at the distal end of the gill filament. Eight virulence-related genes, namely aer, ompA, lip, tapA, hlyA, flgA, flgM, and flgN, were screened by PCR assay. In addition, virulence factor detection showed that the JDM1-1 isolate produced lipase, lecithinase, gelatinase, and hemolysin. Furthermore, the mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes of M. rosenbergii following A. veronii infection, including ALF1, ALF2, Crustin, C-lectin, and Lysozyme, were assessed, and the results revealed a significant upregulation in the hepatopancreas and intestines at different hours post infection. This study demonstrates that A. veronii is a causative agent associated with massive die-offs of M. rosenbergii and contributes valuable insights into the pathogenesis and host defense mechanisms of A. veronii invasion. Full article
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