Advancing Open Science
for more than 25 years
Supporting academic communities
since 1996
 
16 pages, 863 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Underlapped Symmetrically Ported Valve-Controlled Asymmetric Cylinder Drive
by Huankun Wang, Man Xu and Zijian Cao
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2870; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072870 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The valve-controlled cylinder drive system is the most common type among hydraulic applications. Nonlinear behaviour in such systems is inevitable when the valve spool is around its null position. We utilised the component linking method to investigate the nonlinearities in a Moog valve-controlled [...] Read more.
The valve-controlled cylinder drive system is the most common type among hydraulic applications. Nonlinear behaviour in such systems is inevitable when the valve spool is around its null position. We utilised the component linking method to investigate the nonlinearities in a Moog valve-controlled asymmetric cylinder drive system by simulation in Fortran, in which a generalised concept is introduced and validated by comparing to the experimental results. An X factor is proposed in the generalised concept to describe the asymmetric cylinder state, which is a constant when the cylinder is extending or retracting, but numerically calculated when the valve spool is in the underlap region. This analytical solution is approximately 200 times more computationally efficient than the numerical solution method. This paper utilises the component linking method to simulate the Moog valve-controlled asymmetric cylinder drive system in Matlab Simulink, and proposes an analytical solution for the X factor when the valve spool is in the underlap region. This analytical solution is approximately 200 times more computationally efficient than the numerical solution method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress on Hydraulic Fluid and Hydraulic Systems)
28 pages, 561 KiB  
Article
The Genetic Landscape of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases: A Comprehensive Multigene-Panel Study Identifying Key Gene Polymorphisms
by Elena Rita Simula, Seyedesomaye Jasemi, Davide Cossu, Pietro Carmelo Manca, Daria Sanna, Fabio Scarpa, Gianfranco Meloni, Roberto Cusano and Leonardo Antonio Sechi
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(4), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040438 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Systemic rheumatic diseases, including conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, represent a complex array of autoimmune disorders characterized by chronic inflammation and diverse clinical manifestations. This study focuses on unraveling the genetic underpinnings of these diseases [...] Read more.
Systemic rheumatic diseases, including conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, represent a complex array of autoimmune disorders characterized by chronic inflammation and diverse clinical manifestations. This study focuses on unraveling the genetic underpinnings of these diseases by examining polymorphisms in key genes related to their pathology. Utilizing a comprehensive genetic analysis, we have documented the involvement of these genetic variations in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. Our study has identified several key polymorphisms with notable implications in rheumatic diseases. Polymorphism at chr11_112020916 within the IL-18 gene was prevalent across various conditions with a potential protective effect. Concurrently, the same IL18R1 gene polymorphism located at chr2_103010912, coding for the IL-18 receptor, was observed in most rheumatic conditions, reinforcing its potential protective role. Additionally, a further polymorphism in IL18R1 at chr2_103013408 seems to have a protective influence against the rheumatic diseases under investigation. In the context of emerging genes involved in rheumatic diseases, like PARK2, a significant polymorphism at chr6_161990516 was consistently identified across different conditions, exhibiting protective characteristics in these pathological contexts. The findings underscore the complexity of the genetic landscape in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and pave the way for a deeper understanding of their etiology and the possible development of more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biopharmaceuticals)
12 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Near-Freezing Temperature Storage Improves Peach Fruit Chilling Tolerance by Regulating the Antioxidant and Proline Metabolism
by Handong Zhao, Shuqi Meng, Maorun Fu and Qingmin Chen
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040337 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Chilling injury (CI) in peach fruit (Prunus persica cv. Yuhualu) is generally caused by long-time low temperature (5 °C or 0 °C) storage. However, peach fruit stored at near-freezing temperature (NFT in this research is −1 °C), defined as within 0.5 °C [...] Read more.
Chilling injury (CI) in peach fruit (Prunus persica cv. Yuhualu) is generally caused by long-time low temperature (5 °C or 0 °C) storage. However, peach fruit stored at near-freezing temperature (NFT in this research is −1 °C), defined as within 0.5 °C above the biological freezing point of biological tissue, does not exhibit CI symptoms. The effect of NFT on the CI, proline metabolism, and antioxidant capability of peach fruit during storage was studied and compared with 5 °C and 0 °C storage as controls. The results exhibit that NFT completely inhibited the occurrence of CI in peach fruit. NFT significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging capacity. Moreover, the increase of malondialdehyde, ion leakage, and H2O2 accumulation were inhibited remarkably by NFT, and decreases in the contents of phenolics and ascorbic acid were slowed significantly in peach fruit stored at NFT (p < 0.05). Additionally, NFT storage enhanced proline accumulation by modulating the activity of proline metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, the above results suggest that NFT storage can improve the chilling tolerance of peach fruit by regulating the antioxidant defense and proline metabolism, which might represent a potential novel method to store fruits and vegetables for longer storage times. Full article
13 pages, 449 KiB  
Article
Unveiling the Biomechanical Insights: Motor Control Shifts Induced by Shoe Friction Adjustments and Their Impact on Defensive Slide, Crossover Dribbling, and Full Approach Jump in Basketball
by Xiangdong Wang, Kezhun Cao, Yang Bai, Shutao Wei, Zongxiang Hu and Gongbing Shan
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2869; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072869 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study endeavors to explore the intricate interplay between the fundamental skills of basketball—defensive slide, crossover dribbling, and full approach jump—and the shoe outsole friction coefficient, with the overarching goal of advancing our comprehension regarding the pivotal role of footwear in athlete performance. [...] Read more.
This study endeavors to explore the intricate interplay between the fundamental skills of basketball—defensive slide, crossover dribbling, and full approach jump—and the shoe outsole friction coefficient, with the overarching goal of advancing our comprehension regarding the pivotal role of footwear in athlete performance. Employing a comprehensive methodology that integrates 3D motion capture, force platform dynamometry, and biomechanical modeling, the study seeks to quantify the inherent motor control intricacies associated with these fundamental skills. Data collection involved 12 varsity players, and the research systematically assesses the influence of the shoe friction coefficient on both skill quality and injury risk, utilizing a set of 13 parameters for evaluation. The findings unveil that, with an increased friction coefficient, the following changes occur: for the defensive slide, we observed decreased contact time (p < 0.05), boosted medio–lateral impulse (p < 0.05), and lowered ankle torque (p < 0.01); for crossover dribbling, we observed increased anterior–posterior impulse (p < 0.05) and ankle torque (p < 0.05); for the full approach jump, we observed decreased contact time (p < 0.05) and increased jump height (p < 0.05). Generally, the equal increment in the shoe outsole friction coefficient did not result in equal changes in the selected parameters of motor skill control, indicating a non-linear relationship between the performance quality of essential basketball skills and the shoe friction coefficient. The results suggest the potential existence of an optimal value for skill execution. Notably, the study identifies that, while an augmentation in the friction coefficient enhances specific skill aspects, there is a discernible saturation point, signifying diminishing returns. This investigation makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of the precise impacts of shoe friction coefficients on basketball skills, thereby prompting considerations for the judicious selection of optimal friction coefficients and advocating for possible personalized footwear recommendations based on individual biomechanical profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)
14 pages, 894 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Emission Patterns in Different Water Levels in Peatlands
by Chengcheng Peng, Hengfei Li, Nan Yang and Mingzhi Lu
Water 2024, 16(7), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16070985 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Peatlands store large amounts of carbon in wetland ecosystems. The hydrological conditions within peatlands are important factors that affect the biochemical cycle and patterns of greenhouse gas emissions in these peatlands. This study was carried out in Changbai Mountain Jinchuan peatland to investigate [...] Read more.
Peatlands store large amounts of carbon in wetland ecosystems. The hydrological conditions within peatlands are important factors that affect the biochemical cycle and patterns of greenhouse gas emissions in these peatlands. This study was carried out in Changbai Mountain Jinchuan peatland to investigate variations in carbon dioxide and methane emissions in peat swamps that have undergone distinct saturation conditions. Three peatland types (high water levels (S1); medium water levels (S2); low water levels (S3)) at different flood depths were selected as specific sampling points. The static box and gas chromatography methods were used at different time periods (6:00; 12:00; and 18:00) from July to September. The discharge flux of CO2 and CH4 slowly increased with the increase in the water level. The results indicate similarity in the fluctuation trends between the fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in S1 and S2 to the fluctuations of water levels. During the entire growth season, the flux range of CO2 and CH4 was −695.329~859.907 mg m2h−1 and 259.981~147.155 mg m2h−1, respectively. Furthermore, there was variation in mutation characteristics between two gases, the CO2 exhibited larger mutation range (−7.08~3.40)than CH4 (−1.79~1.26). In terms of daily flux changes, CO2 showed an upward trend, while CH4 had a downward trend. These results indicate variations in saturation conditions tend to affect discharge of greenhouse gases, with subsequent effects on climate change. This study highlights potential theoretical support to reduce anthropogenic activities on peatlands. This can be achieved by undertaking measures to conserve peatlands and explore mitigation measures to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and hence impacts of climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restoration of Wetlands for Climate Change Mitigation)
15 pages, 2245 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Ge Doping on α-Ag2S’s Thermoelectric and Mechanical Properties
by Gabriela Hrickova, Frantisek Mihok, Zuzana Molcanova, Beata Ballokova, Wanda Mamrilla, Robert Dzunda, Peter Lukacs, Alena Pietrikova and Karel Saksl
Inorganics 2024, 12(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12040098 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Thermoelectric materials are capable of generating electrical energy in response to a temperature gradient. Non-renewable energy resources are depleting, so the development of renewable energy sources that are environmentally sustainable is essential. One potential application of these materials as an alternative energy source [...] Read more.
Thermoelectric materials are capable of generating electrical energy in response to a temperature gradient. Non-renewable energy resources are depleting, so the development of renewable energy sources that are environmentally sustainable is essential. One potential application of these materials as an alternative energy source is in wearable electronics. Thermoelectric materials are used in common electrical devices, as well as by the military, in healthcare, and in space. As a ductile N-type semiconducting material, silver sulfide is one of the most promising materials in terms of thermoelectric potential. The properties of Ag2S can be improved by choosing the appropriate dopants. This study investigates the methods by which the thermoelectric, mechanical, and hardness properties of Ag2S are improved via Ge doping. The addition of Ge increases the Seebeck coefficient to a maximum of −87 μV·K−1 from −1051 μV·K−1 to P-type, bringing it closer to transitioning. In order to work, a thermoelectric generator requires both N- and P-type materials. By applying homojunctions made from similar materials, internal stresses caused by the varying thermal expansion rates of different materials are reduced. In order to demonstrate Ge integration, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were applied to the sample microstructure. In addition, supplementation was used to increase the ductility and malleability of materials to make them suitable for power generation in wearable electronics. These materials showed significant power factor values according to room-temperature measurements. This proves that materials capable of generating usable voltage lie in the recommended ambient temperature range for the user’s body, thus rendering them potential candidates for wearable electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)
14 pages, 951 KiB  
Article
A Novel Three-Segment Model to Describe the Entire Soil–Water Characteristic Curve
by Chunming Chi, Changwei Zhao and Jinhu Zhi
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040707 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study aims to accurately describe the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) across the full range from saturation to oven dryness. We propose a smooth, continuous three-segmented SWCC model that divides the saturation range into wet, air-dried, and oven-dried segments. The two model junction [...] Read more.
This study aims to accurately describe the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) across the full range from saturation to oven dryness. We propose a smooth, continuous three-segmented SWCC model that divides the saturation range into wet, air-dried, and oven-dried segments. The two model junction points are anchored at matric suctions of 104.5 and 106.5 cm, respectively. The soil water content at 104.5 cm represents the maximum soil hygroscopy, reflecting the maximum water content in air-dried soil, while the soil water content at 106.5 cm characterizes the minimum soil water content. This imbues the junction points with specific physical significance regarding soil moisture content and matric potential. The model was tested with the water retention data of nine soils across the SWCC and compared with three existing SWCC models based on the adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results indicated that the proposed model accurately described the entire SWCC. The three-segmented model yielded an adjR2 of >0.99 and an RMSE of ≤0.022 cm3 cm−3, outperforming other models. We also introduce a new method for predicting soil water data in air-dried and oven-dried segments. The results showed that the predicted soil water content values were accurate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)
19 pages, 5495 KiB  
Article
Statistical Analysis and Scenario Modeling of Non-Stationary Runoff Change in the Loess Plateau: A Novel Application of the Generalized Additive Model in Location, Scale and Shape
by Shuqi Zhang, Tong Zhi, Hongbo Zhang, Chiheng Dang, Congcong Yao, Dengrui Mu, Fengguang Lyu, Yu Zhang and Shangdong Liu
Water 2024, 16(7), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16070986 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The hydrological series in the Loess Plateau region has exhibited shifts in trend, mean, and/or variance as the environmental conditions have changed, indicating a departure from the assumption of stationarity. As the variations accumulate, the compound effects caused by the driving variables on [...] Read more.
The hydrological series in the Loess Plateau region has exhibited shifts in trend, mean, and/or variance as the environmental conditions have changed, indicating a departure from the assumption of stationarity. As the variations accumulate, the compound effects caused by the driving variables on runoff variations grow complex and interactive, posing a substantial risk to water security and the promotion of high-quality development in regions or river basins. This study focuses on the Tuwei River Basin in the Loess Plateau, which experiences significant changes in vegetation coverage and minimal human disturbance, and examines the cross-driving relationship between the runoff change and its driving variables (including hydrometeorological and environmental variables). A quantitative statistical analysis method based on the GAMLSS is then developed to estimate the interacting effects of changes in the driving variables and their contribution to runoff changes. Finally, various anticipated scenarios are used to simulate the changes in driving variables and runoff disturbances. The findings indicate the following: (1) The developed GU, LO, and NO distribution-based GAMLSSs provide a notable advantage in effectively capturing the variations in groundwater storage variables, actual evapotranspiration, and underlying surface parameters, as well as accurately estimating the impacts of other relevant variables. (2) The precipitation and groundwater storage variables showed predominantly positive contributions to the runoff change, but actual evapotranspiration had an adverse effect. The changes in underlying surface parameters, particularly since 2000, increase actual evapotranspiration, while decreasing groundwater storage, resulting in a progressive decrease in runoff as their contribution grows. (3) The scenario simulation results reveal that alterations to the underlying surface have a substantial influence on the evolution of runoff in the Tuwei River Basin. Additionally, there are cross-effects between the impact of various driving variables on runoff, potentially compounding the complexity of inconsistent changes in runoff sequences. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
22 pages, 10850 KiB  
Article
Classification of LED Packages for Quality Control by Discriminant Analysis, Neural Network and Decision Tree
by Heesoo Shim and Sun Kyoung Kim
Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040457 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study investigates supervised learning to improve LED classification. A hardware system for testing was built. The data for learning were acquired and then analyzed to show their characteristics. An LED was tested, and the results were categorized into three defective LED groups [...] Read more.
This study investigates supervised learning to improve LED classification. A hardware system for testing was built. The data for learning were acquired and then analyzed to show their characteristics. An LED was tested, and the results were categorized into three defective LED groups and one normal LED group. Before classification, electrical and optical data were examined to identify their characteristics. To find out the best way for quality control, an ensemble of methods was used. First, the discriminant analysis using the validation data achieved a 77.9% true positive rate for normal products, inadequate for quality control. Second, neural network-based learning boosted this rate to 97.8%, but the 2.2% false negative rate remained problematic. Finally, a binary decision tree was constructed, achieving a 99.4% true positive rate from just 14 splits, proving highly effective in product classification. The training time was measured as 8.1, 18.2 and 8.2 s for discriminant analysis, neural network and decision tree, respectively. This work has found the binary decision tree is advantageous considering both learning and classification efficiencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D:Materials and Processing)
16 pages, 588 KiB  
Systematic Review
Daily Duration of Eating for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Jill Townley, Kate Northstone, Elanor C. Hinton, Julian Hamilton-Shield, Aidan Searle and Sam Leary
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070993 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Time-limited eating is a dietary intervention whereby eating is limited to a specific window of time during the day. The usual eating windows of adults, and how these can be manipulated for dietary interventions, is well documented. However, there is a paucity of [...] Read more.
Time-limited eating is a dietary intervention whereby eating is limited to a specific window of time during the day. The usual eating windows of adults, and how these can be manipulated for dietary interventions, is well documented. However, there is a paucity of data on eating windows of young people, the manipulation of which may be a useful intervention for reducing obesity. This paper reviewed the existing literature on the eating windows of children and adolescents, aged 5–18 years, plus clock times of first and last intakes and variations by subgroup. Two databases (Medline and Embase) were searched for eligible papers published between February 2013 and February 2023, with forward searching of the citation network of included studies on Web of Science. Articles were screened, and data extracted, in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Ten studies were included, with both observational and experimental designs. Narrative synthesis showed large variations in eating windows with average values ranging from 9.7 h to 16.4 h. Meta-analysis, of five studies, showed a pooled mean daily eating window of 11.3 h (95% CI 11.0, 11.7). Large variations in eating windows exist across different study populations; however, the pooled data suggest that it may be possible to design time-limited eating interventions in paediatric populations aimed at reducing eating windows. Further high-quality research, investigating eating windows and subsequent associations with health outcomes, is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes)
12 pages, 1698 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation for Micropollutants Removal from Wastewater: Application of a Pre-Industrial-Scale Unit
by Efthimia Kaprara, Savvina Psaltou, Maria Salapasidou, Stefanos Kalandaridis, Panagiota-Aikaterini Palasantza, Georgios Germanidis, Panagiotis Diamantopoulos, Manassis Mitrakas and Anastasios Zouboulis
Catalysts 2024, 14(4), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14040227 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The present study evaluates the application of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation for the removal of micropollutants from wastewater effluent in a pre-industrial-scale unit, consisting of a post-filtration, an ozone dilution, a catalytic ozonation, and a final biological stabilization step. The important step of ozone [...] Read more.
The present study evaluates the application of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation for the removal of micropollutants from wastewater effluent in a pre-industrial-scale unit, consisting of a post-filtration, an ozone dilution, a catalytic ozonation, and a final biological stabilization step. The important step of ozone dilution is optimized by the use of a hollow fiber membrane that minimizes the loss of ozone gas due to the transfer of ozone to the liquid phase mainly by diffusion. It is observed that the efficiency of this sub-system is maximized for the dead-end operation of the membrane and the introduction of ozone gas to the shell side and liquid phase to the lumen side of the membrane module. Under these conditions, the concentration of dissolved ozone is directly dependent on the ratio of ozone gas feed to the wastewater flow subjected to post-treatment. Regarding the removal of MPs, part of their degradation already takes place at this stage (i.e., during ozone dilution), while after the post-treatment of wastewater effluent in the catalytic ozonation bed, the MP degradation yield ranges from 35% up to complete removal, depending on the type and properties of the specific MP. The addition of a final biological filtration bed to the overall treatment unit significantly increased its performance, regarding the removal of MPs, enhancing it by an additional removal rate that can reach up to 30%. Full article
16 pages, 694 KiB  
Review
Phytotherapy of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Narrative Review
by Natalia Picheta, Julia Piekarz, Oliwia Burdan, Ma?gorzata Satora, Rafa? Tarkowski and Krzysztof Ku?ak
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073796 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a real gynecological problem among women of reproductive age from 15 to 49. A recent analysis showed that 75% of women will have an occurrence at least once per year, while 5% are observed to have recurrent vaginal mycosis—these [...] Read more.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a real gynecological problem among women of reproductive age from 15 to 49. A recent analysis showed that 75% of women will have an occurrence at least once per year, while 5% are observed to have recurrent vaginal mycosis—these patients may become unwell four or more times a year. This pathology is caused in 85–90% of cases by fungi of the Candida albicans species. It represents an intractable medical problem for female patients due to pain and pruritus. Due to the observation of an increasing number of strains resistant to standard preparations and an increase in the recurrence of this pathology when using local or oral preferential therapy, such as fluconazole, an analysis was launched to develop alternative methods of treating VVC using herbs such as dill, turmeric, and berberine. An in-depth analysis of databases that include scientific articles from recent years made it possible to draw satisfactory conclusions supporting the validity of herbal therapy for the pathology in question. Although phytotherapy has not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, it appears to be a promising therapeutic solution for strains that are resistant to existing treatments. There is research currently undergoing aimed at comparing classical pharmacotherapy and herbal therapy in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis for the purpose of increasing medical competence and knowledge for the care of the health and long-term comfort of gynecological patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antifungal Drug Discovery: Progresses, Challenges, Opportunities)
30 pages, 1824 KiB  
Article
Why Do Some Countries Innovate Better than Others? A New Perspective of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy Regimes and National Absorptive Capacity
by Feng-Shang Wu and Hong-Ji Huang
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2840; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072840 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper looks into the determinants of national innovation performance from the perspective of policy regime and establishes a theoretical model on how a country’s dual Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy regimes, democratic and meritocratic, and national absorptive capacity (NAC) jointly determine [...] Read more.
This paper looks into the determinants of national innovation performance from the perspective of policy regime and establishes a theoretical model on how a country’s dual Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy regimes, democratic and meritocratic, and national absorptive capacity (NAC) jointly determine its national innovation performance. A democratic STI policy regime promotes innovation through channels of freedom, social equality, and public participation. A meritocratic STI policy regime promotes innovation through channels of good governance and rational policymaking. The model further proposes that the relationships between STI policy regimes and national innovation performance are moderated by potential NAC (PNAC) and realized NAC (RNAC) in opposing directions. The fixed-effects panel regression of OECD countries confirms that both democratic and meritocratic STI policy regimes have positive effects on national innovation performance. Moreover, the democratic effect is positively moderated by PNAC but negatively moderated by RNAC. In contrast, the meritocratic effect is positively moderated by RNAC but negatively moderated by PNAC. The major contribution of this paper is to highlight the importance of a country’s STI policy regimes as the bedrock and NAC as the leverage to generate more homegrown innovations. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">Full article ">
19 pages, 1582 KiB  
Article
Optimization Study of Water Interval Charge Structure Based on the Evaluation of Rock Damage Effect in Smooth Blasting
by Sijie Wang, Min Gong, Haojun Wu, Xiaodong Wu and Xiangyu Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2868; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072868 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In tunnel smooth blasting, optimizing the water interval charging structure of peripheral holes is of great significance in improving the effect of smooth blasting and reducing the unit consumption of explosives. Addressing the issue of a single traditional evaluation standard, this paper proposes [...] Read more.
In tunnel smooth blasting, optimizing the water interval charging structure of peripheral holes is of great significance in improving the effect of smooth blasting and reducing the unit consumption of explosives. Addressing the issue of a single traditional evaluation standard, this paper proposes a composite index evaluation method for rock blasting damage in different zones, and the best charging structure is optimized according to the evaluation results. Taking Liyue Road Tunnel Light Smooth Blasting Project in Chongqing as the Research Background, the numeric models were established with ten kinds of charge structures, the charge structures and explosive quantity were optimized according to the evaluation results, and then the field tests were conducted. The results show that when the length of the water medium at the bottom of the hole is 20 cm, the damage range of the retained rock mass can be controlled while ensuring rock fragmentation. If the length of the water medium at the orifice and in the center of the hole is more than 30 cm, it will affect the superposition effect of the blast stress wave, resulting in under-excavation; in the preferred charge structure, the ratio of the length of the upper and lower explosives reaches 1:3, and the ratio of the length of the water medium is 2:2:1, which achieves a better rock-breaking effect in the field test. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Geotechnical Engineering)
14 pages, 1297 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Sequential Yeast Inoculation for Blackcurrant Wine Fermentation
by Zhuoyu Wang, Andrej Svyantek, Zachariah Miller and Aude A. Watrelot
Fermentation 2024, 10(4), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10040184 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Blackcurrant is well known for its health benefits, but its wine products are understudied. In this research, studies were conducted after non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces yeast strain inoculation in less than 20% (w/v) fruit must for blackcurrant fermentation. Three [...] Read more.
Blackcurrant is well known for its health benefits, but its wine products are understudied. In this research, studies were conducted after non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces yeast strain inoculation in less than 20% (w/v) fruit must for blackcurrant fermentation. Three inoculations were carried out on blackcurrant musts, as follows: (1) sequential inoculation with Torulaspora delbrueckii (strain Biodiva) followed by Saccharomyces EC1118 strain; (2) sequential inoculation with Metschnikowia pulcherimma (strain Flavia) followed by EC1118; (3) single-strain inoculation with EC1118 as the control treatment. None of these treatments did alter sugar consumption dynamics. Biodiva inoculation had impacts on both color dynamic parameter changes and final wine color profiles compared to EC1118. The final wine compositions indicate that Biodiva treatment had a significant impact on wine pH and acidity, whereas EC1118 single-strain largely influenced wine ethanol and glycerol contents. Although the total antioxidant capabilities were close among the three produced wines, the monophenol profiles indicate that Biodiva enhanced the total anthocyanin and hydroxycinnamates content but reduced the total flavanol contents in the final wine. EC1118 and Flavia wines contained more total flavanols compared to Biodiva treatment. The nonflavonoid profiles indicate that there were no significant differences among the three treatments. Our findings provide useful information for the application of yeast strains in blackcurrant wine fermentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fermentation for Food and Beverages)
16 pages, 3418 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Detection and Odor Recognition of Cigarette Packaging Paper Boxes Based on a Homemade Electronic Nose
by Xingguo Wang, Hao Li, Yunlong Wang, Bo Fu and Bin Ai
Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040458 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The printing process of box packaging paper can generate volatile organic compounds, resulting in odors that impact product quality and health. An efficient, objective, and cost-effective detection method is urgently needed. We utilized a self-developed electronic nose system to test four different cigarette [...] Read more.
The printing process of box packaging paper can generate volatile organic compounds, resulting in odors that impact product quality and health. An efficient, objective, and cost-effective detection method is urgently needed. We utilized a self-developed electronic nose system to test four different cigarette packaging paper samples. Employing multivariate statistical methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Statistical Quality Control (SQC), and Similarity-based Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), we analyzed and processed the collected data. Comprehensive evaluation and quality control models were constructed to assess sample stability and distinguish odors. Results indicate that our electronic nose system rapidly detects odors and effectively performs quality control. By establishing models for quality stability control, we successfully identified samples with acceptable quality and those with odors. To further validate the system’s performance and extend its applications, we collected two types of cigarette packaging paper samples with odor data. Using data augmentation techniques, we expanded the dataset and achieved an accuracy rate of 0.9938 through classification and discrimination. This highlights the significant potential of our self-developed electronic nose system in recognizing cigarette packaging paper odors and odorous samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanostructures in Sensors and Actuators)
24 pages, 1613 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Valorization of Industrial Cherry Pomace: A Novel Cascade Approach Using Pulsed Electric Fields and Ultrasound Assisted-Extraction
by Ervehe Rrucaj, Serena Carpentieri, Mariarosa Scognamiglio, Francesco Siano, Giovanna Ferrari and Gianpiero Pataro
Foods 2024, 13(7), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071043 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this study, a two-stage cascade extraction process utilizing pulsed electric fields (PEF) (3 kV/cm, 10 kJ/kg) for initial extraction, followed by ultrasound (US) (200 W, 20 min)-assisted extraction (UAE) in a 50% (v/v) ethanol-water mixture (T = 50 [...] Read more.
In this study, a two-stage cascade extraction process utilizing pulsed electric fields (PEF) (3 kV/cm, 10 kJ/kg) for initial extraction, followed by ultrasound (US) (200 W, 20 min)-assisted extraction (UAE) in a 50% (v/v) ethanol-water mixture (T = 50 °C, t = 60 min), was designed for the efficient release of valuable intracellular compounds from industrial cherry pomace. The extracted compounds were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP), and were compared with conventional solid-liquid extraction (SLE). Results showed that the highest release of bioactive compounds occurred in the first stage, which was attributed to the impact of PEF pre-treatment, resulting in significant increases in TPC (79%), FC (79%), TAC (83%), and FRAP values (80%) of the total content observed in the post-cascade PEF-UAE process. The integration of UAE into the cascade process further augmented the extraction efficiency, yielding 21%, 49%, 56%, and 26% increases for TPC, FC, TAC, and FRAP, respectively, as compared to extracts obtained through a second-stage conventional SLE. HPLC analysis identified neochlorogenic acid, 4-p-coumaroylquinic, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside as the predominant phenolic compounds in both untreated and cascade-treated cherry pomace extracts, and no degradation of the specific compounds occurred upon PEF and US application. SEM analysis revealed microstructural changes in cherry pomace induced by PEF and UAE treatments, enhancing the porosity and facilitating the extraction process. The study suggests the efficiency of the proposed cascade PEF-UAE extraction approach for phenolic compounds from industrial cherry pomace with potential applications to other plant-based biomasses. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Full article ">
23 pages, 956 KiB  
Article
NeXtFusion: Attention-Based Camera–Radar Fusion Network for Improved Three-Dimensional Object Detection and Tracking
by Priyank Kalgaonkar and Mohamed El-Sharkawy
Future Internet 2024, 16(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16040114 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Accurate perception is crucial for autonomous vehicles (AVs) to navigate safely, especially in adverse weather and lighting conditions where single-sensor networks (e.g., cameras or radar) struggle with reduced maneuverability and unrecognizable targets. Deep camera–radar fusion neural networks offer a promising solution for reliable [...] Read more.
Accurate perception is crucial for autonomous vehicles (AVs) to navigate safely, especially in adverse weather and lighting conditions where single-sensor networks (e.g., cameras or radar) struggle with reduced maneuverability and unrecognizable targets. Deep camera–radar fusion neural networks offer a promising solution for reliable AV perception under any weather and lighting conditions. Cameras provide rich semantic information, while radars act like an X-ray vision, piercing through fog and darkness. This work proposes a novel, efficient camera–radar fusion network called NeXtFusion for robust AV perception with an improvement in object detection accuracy and tracking. Our proposed approach of utilizing an attention module enhances crucial feature representation for object detection while minimizing information loss from multi-modal data. Extensive experiments on the challenging nuScenes dataset demonstrate NeXtFusion’s superior performance in detecting small and distant objects compared to other methods. Notably, NeXtFusion achieves the highest mAP score (0.473) on the nuScenes validation set, outperforming competitors like OFT (35.1% improvement) and MonoDIS (9.5% improvement). Additionally, NeXtFusion demonstrates strong performance in other metrics like mATE (0.449) and mAOE (0.534), highlighting its overall effectiveness in 3D object detection. Furthermore, visualizations of nuScenes data processed by NeXtFusion further demonstrate its capability to handle diverse real-world scenarios. These results suggest that NeXtFusion is a promising deep fusion network for improving AV perception and safety for autonomous driving. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Future Internet Technology in USA 2024–2025)
25 pages, 2156 KiB  
Article
Stock Price Reaction to Environmental, Social, and Governance News: Evidence from Brazil and Financial Materiality
by Carlos A. Piccioni, Saulo B. Bastos and Daniel O. Cajueiro
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2839; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072839 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices and the market value of companies, with a focus on Brazil’s largest corporations. Recognizing the limitations of existing research tools for analyzing the impact of ESG factors, we introduce an innovative, [...] Read more.
This study explores the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices and the market value of companies, with a focus on Brazil’s largest corporations. Recognizing the limitations of existing research tools for analyzing the impact of ESG factors, we introduce an innovative, open-source Dictionary of ESG Terms. This tool is designed to classify news content into the detailed categories established by the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), thereby facilitating a nuanced analysis of ESG-related news and its subsequent effects on stock prices. Our analysis reveals that stock prices exhibit significant positive reactions to favorable ESG news and negative reactions to adverse ESG developments. Crucially, our findings underscore the discernment of investors, who appear to prioritize financially material ESG information over news bearing solely reputational or non-pecuniary significance. This distinction highlights the critical role of financial materiality in shaping market responses to ESG news. By providing empirical evidence from the Brazilian market, this study contributes to the broader discourse on ESG factors in corporate valuation. It offers practical tools and insights for investors, companies, and regulators aiming to better understand the complexities of ESG investment strategies. Through the application of our comprehensive ESG Dictionary, we shed light on the diverse dimensions of ESG impact, suggesting an approach to evaluate how ESG practices influence corporate market value in emerging economies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
16 pages, 995 KiB  
Review
Lactic Acid Bacteria of Marine Origin as a Tool for Successful Shellfish Farming and Adaptation to Climate Change Conditions
by Iva ?anak, Deni Kostelac, ?eljko Jakopovi?, Ksenija Markov and Jadranka Frece
Foods 2024, 13(7), 1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071042 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Climate change, especially in the form of temperature increase and sea acidification, poses a serious challenge to the sustainability of aquaculture and shellfish farming. In this context, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of marine origin have attracted attention due to their ability to improve [...] Read more.
Climate change, especially in the form of temperature increase and sea acidification, poses a serious challenge to the sustainability of aquaculture and shellfish farming. In this context, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of marine origin have attracted attention due to their ability to improve water quality, stimulate the growth and immunity of organisms, and reduce the impact of stress caused by environmental changes. Through a review of relevant research, this paper summarizes previous knowledge on this group of bacteria, their application as protective probiotic cultures in mollusks, and also highlights their potential in reducing the negative impacts of climate change during shellfish farming. Furthermore, opportunities for further research and implementation of LAB as a sustainable and effective solution for adapting mariculture to changing climate conditions were identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Full article ">Full article ">
13 pages, 293 KiB  
Article
A Characterization of Procyclic Groups via Complete Exterior Degree
by Bernardo G. Rodrigues and Francesco G. Russo
Mathematics 2024, 12(7), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12071018 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
We describe the nonabelian exterior square G^G of a pro-p-group G (with p arbitrary prime) in terms of quotients of free pro-p-groups, providing a new method of construction of G^G and new structural [...] Read more.
We describe the nonabelian exterior square G^G of a pro-p-group G (with p arbitrary prime) in terms of quotients of free pro-p-groups, providing a new method of construction of G^G and new structural results for G^G. Then, we investigate a generalization of the probability that two randomly chosen elements of G commute: this notion is known as the “ complete exterior degree” of a pro-p-group and we will use it to characterize procyclic groups. Among other things, we present a new formula, which simplifies the numerical aspects which are connected with the evaluation of the complete exterior degree. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geometry and Topology with Applications)
17 pages, 591 KiB  
Review
Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Citrus Flavonoid Diosmetin: An Updated Review of Experimental Models
by Yangyang Fang, Wei Xiang, Jinwei Cui, Bining Jiao and Xuesu Su
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071521 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential contributor to various human diseases. Diosmetin (3′,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone), a citrus flavonoid, can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. All the information in this article was collected from various research papers from online scientific databases such as PubMed and Web of [...] Read more.
Inflammation is an essential contributor to various human diseases. Diosmetin (3′,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone), a citrus flavonoid, can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. All the information in this article was collected from various research papers from online scientific databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. These studies have demonstrated that diosmetin can slow down the progression of inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators through modulating related pathways, predominantly the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the anti-inflammatory properties of diosmetin in cellular and animal models of various inflammatory diseases for the first time. We have identified some deficiencies in current research and offer suggestions for further advancement. In conclusion, accumulating evidence so far suggests a very important role for diosmetin in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders and suggests it is a candidate worthy of in-depth investigation. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Full article ">
13 pages, 3360 KiB  
Review
KRASG12C Inhibitor as a Treatment Option for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Comorbid Interstitial Pneumonia
by Kazushi Fujimoto, Satoshi Ikeda, Erina Tabata, Taichi Kaneko, Shinobu Sagawa, Chieri Yamada, Kosumi Kumagai, Takashi Fukushima, Sanshiro Haga, Masayuki Watanabe, Tatsuya Muraoka, Akimasa Sekine, Tomohisa Baba and Takashi Ogura
Cancers 2024, 16(7), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071327 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with comorbid interstitial pneumonia (IP) is a population with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Patients with comorbid IP are at high risk of developing fatal drug-induced pneumonitis, and data on the safety and efficacy of molecularly targeted [...] Read more.
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with comorbid interstitial pneumonia (IP) is a population with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Patients with comorbid IP are at high risk of developing fatal drug-induced pneumonitis, and data on the safety and efficacy of molecularly targeted therapies are lacking. KRAS mutations have been frequently detected in patients with NSCLC with comorbid IP. However, the low detection rate of common driver gene mutations, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase, in patients with comorbid IP frequently results in inadequate screening for driver mutations, and KRAS mutations may be overlooked. Recently, sotorasib and adagrasib were approved as treatment options for advanced NSCLC with KRASG12C mutations. Although patients with comorbid IP were not excluded from clinical trials of these KRASG12C inhibitors, the incidence of drug-induced pneumonitis was low. Therefore, KRASG12C inhibitors may be a safe and effective treatment option for NSCLC with comorbid IP. This review article discusses the promise and prospects of molecular-targeted therapies, especially KRASG12C inhibitors, for NSCLC with comorbid IP, along with our own clinical experience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oncology: State-of-the-Art Research and Initiatives in Japan)

Open Access Journals

Browse by Indexing Browse by Subject Selected Journals
Back to TopTop
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news
news