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10 pages, 1359 KiB  
Article
Association between Preoperative C-Reactive Protein-to-Albumin Ratio and Mortality after Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
by Ah Ran Oh, Ha Min Sung, Jungchan Park, Gayoung Jin, So Myung Kong, Minsu Jung and Sangmin Maria Lee
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1998; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071998 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Prognostic markers have not been extensively studied in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio (CAR) in plastic and reconstructive surgery and to compare it with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), [...] Read more.
Background: Prognostic markers have not been extensively studied in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio (CAR) in plastic and reconstructive surgery and to compare it with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS). Methods: From January 2011 to July 2019, we identified 2519 consecutive adult patients who were undergoing plastic and reconstructive surgery with available preoperative CRP and albumin levels. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to evaluate predictability and estimate the threshold. The patients were divided according to this threshold, and the risk was compared. The primary outcome was one-year mortality, and the overall mortality was also analyzed. Results: The one-year mortality was 4.9%. The CAR showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.803, which was higher than those of NLR, PLR, and mGPS. According to the estimated threshold of 1.05, the patients were divided into two groups; 1585 (62.9%) were placed in the low group, and 934 (37.1%) were placed in the high group. After inverse probability weighting, the mortality rate during the first year after plastic and reconstructive surgery was significantly increased in the high group (1.3% vs. 10.9%; hazard ratio, 2.88; 95% confidence interval, 2.17–3.83; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this study, high CAR was significantly associated with one-year mortality of patients after plastic and reconstructive surgery. Further studies are needed on prognostic markers in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Full article
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9 pages, 366 KiB  
Article
Speech Audiometry: The Development of Lithuanian Bisyllabic Phonemically Balanced Word Lists for Evaluation of Speech Recognition
by Vija Vainutien?, Justinas Iva?ka, Vytautas Kardelis, Tatjana Iva?kien? and Eugenijus Lesinskas
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2897; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072897 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Speech audiometry employs standardized materials, typically in the language spoken by the target population. Language-specific nuances, including phonological features, influence speech perception and recognition. The material of speech audiometry tests for the assessment of word recognition comprises lists of words [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Speech audiometry employs standardized materials, typically in the language spoken by the target population. Language-specific nuances, including phonological features, influence speech perception and recognition. The material of speech audiometry tests for the assessment of word recognition comprises lists of words that are phonemically or phonetically balanced. As auditory perception is influenced by a variety of linguistic features, it is necessary to develop test materials for the listener’s mother tongue. The objective of our study was to compose and evaluate new lists of Lithuanian words to assess speech recognition abilities. Materials and Methods: The main criteria for composing new lists of Lithuanian words included the syllable structure and frequency, the correlation between consonant and vowel phonemes, the frequency of specific vowel and consonant phonemes, word familiarity and rate. The words for the new lists were chosen from the Frequency Dictionary of Written Lithuanian according to the above criteria. Word recognition was assessed at different levels of presentations. The word list data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effect model for repeated measures. Results: Two hundred bisyllabic words were selected and organized into four lists. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the four sets of words. The interaction of the word list and presentation level was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Monaural performance functions indicated good inter-list reliability with no significant differences between the word recognition scores on the different bisyllabic word lists at each of the tested intensities. The word lists developed are equivalent, reliable and can be valuable for assessing speech recognition in a variety of conditions, including diagnosis, hearing rehabilitation and research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Audio, Speech and Language Processing)
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19 pages, 2303 KiB  
Review
Exploring Factors Shaping Farmer Behavior in Wastewater Utilization for Agricultural Practices: A Rapid Review
by Laura Mirra, Simone Russo and Massimiliano Borrello
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2870; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072870 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In recent years, circular economy strategies have gained attention in agriculture, particularly regarding the utilization of wastewater as an alternative water source. This study employs a rapid review methodology to examine farmers’ attitudes toward wastewater use in agriculture. By analyzing studies in literature [...] Read more.
In recent years, circular economy strategies have gained attention in agriculture, particularly regarding the utilization of wastewater as an alternative water source. This study employs a rapid review methodology to examine farmers’ attitudes toward wastewater use in agriculture. By analyzing studies in literature published from 2000 to 2023, this review identifies the key factors influencing farmers’ adoption of wastewater irrigation. These findings are valuable for policymakers seeking to develop targeted policies that support and encourage the adoption of wastewater irrigation, thereby contributing to sustainable water resource management. Full article
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13 pages, 584 KiB  
Article
Thermochemical Pretreatment for Improving the Psychrophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Coffee Husks
by Tzyy Shyuan Yang, Carla Flores-Rodriguez, Lorena Torres-Albarracin and Ariovaldo José da Silva
Methane 2024, 3(2), 214-226; https://doi.org/10.3390/methane3020013 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion emerges as an appealing integrated solution for the management of agricultural waste, particularly for farmers in regions where the average temperature does not exceed 26 °C, as seen in coffee cultivation. Therefore, this study seeks to assess the biomethane potential [...] Read more.
Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion emerges as an appealing integrated solution for the management of agricultural waste, particularly for farmers in regions where the average temperature does not exceed 26 °C, as seen in coffee cultivation. Therefore, this study seeks to assess the biomethane potential of thermochemical-treated coffee husk through psychrophilic anaerobic digestion (C3-20 °C-w/pretreatment). To examine its viability, outcomes were compared with reactors operating at both mesophilic (C1-35 °C) and psychrophilic (C2-20 °C) conditions, albeit without the use of pretreated coffee husk. The C3-20 °C-w/pretreatment test demonstrated a 36.89% increase (150.47 NmL CH4/g VS; 161.04 NmL CH4/g COD), while the C1-35 °C test exhibited a 24.03% increase (124.99 NmL CH4/g VS; 133.77 NmL CH4/g COD), both in comparison to the C2-20 °C test (94.96 NmL CH4/g VS; 101.63 NmL CH4/g COD). Notably, the C3-20 °C-w/pretreatment trial yielded superior outcomes, accompanied by an associated energy output of 3199.25 GWh/year, sufficient to meet the annual energy demands of 494 residences. This marks an increase of 83 and 182 million residences compared to the mesophilic and psychrophilic AD of CH without pretreatment, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Digestion Process: Converting Waste to Energy)
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19 pages, 3351 KiB  
Article
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Tracking of Fermentation of Oat and Pea Bases for Yoghurt-Type Products
by Olivia Greulich, Lene Duedahl-Olesen, Mette Skau Mikkelsen, J?rn Smedsgaard and Claus Heiner Bang-Berthelsen
Fermentation 2024, 10(4), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10040189 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The fermentation process of plant-based yoghurt (PBY)-like products must be followed for consistency by monitoring, e.g., the pH, temperature, and lactic acid concentration. Spectroscopy provides an efficient multivariate in situ quality monitoring method for tracking the process. Therefore, quality monitoring methods for pea- [...] Read more.
The fermentation process of plant-based yoghurt (PBY)-like products must be followed for consistency by monitoring, e.g., the pH, temperature, and lactic acid concentration. Spectroscopy provides an efficient multivariate in situ quality monitoring method for tracking the process. Therefore, quality monitoring methods for pea- and oat-based yoghurt-like products using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed and modeled. Plant-based yoghurt (PBY) was formulated by fermenting pea and oat plant drinks with a commercial starter culture based on Lactobacillus and Streptococcus strains. The main variance during fermentation was explained by spectral carbohydrate and protein bands with a notable shift in protein band peaks for the amide II band at 1548 cm−1 to 1576 cm−1. In addition to the identification of changed spectral bands during fermentation, FT-IR efficiently tracked the variation in oat and pea fermentation using pH as the main indicator. Prediction models with an R2 for the predicted value of pH as a fermentation indicator (R2 = 0.941) with a corresponding root-mean-squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.247 was obtained when compared to the traditional pH method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Lactobacillus in Fermented Food and Beverages)
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17 pages, 1129 KiB  
Article
Effect of Intermittent Low-Pressure Radiofrequency Helium Cold Plasma Treatments on Rice Gelatinization, Fatty Acid, and Hygroscopicity
by Ziyi Cao, Xingjun Li, Hongdong Song, Yu Jie and Chang Liu
Foods 2024, 13(7), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071056 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
To establish the safe and reproducible effects of cold plasma (CP) technology on food products, this study evaluated the gelatinization parameters, fatty acid profile, and hygroscopic properties of rice grains repeatedly treated with low-pressure radiofrequency (RF) helium CP (13.56 MHz, 140 Pa, 120 [...] Read more.
To establish the safe and reproducible effects of cold plasma (CP) technology on food products, this study evaluated the gelatinization parameters, fatty acid profile, and hygroscopic properties of rice grains repeatedly treated with low-pressure radiofrequency (RF) helium CP (13.56 MHz, 140 Pa, 120 W-20s, 0–4 times, and 300 g sample). Compared with the untreated (zero times) sample, with an increase in CP treatment times from one to four on rice, the water contact angle and cooking time decreased, while the water absorption rate and freshness index increased, and the pH value remained unchanged. CP repeating treatments essentially had no effect on the gelatinization enthalpy, but significantly increased the peak temperature of gelatinization. From the pasting profile of rice that has been repeatedly CP treated, the peak, breakdown, and setback viscosities in flour paste decreased. CP repeating treatments on rice did not change the short-range molecular order of starch. Compared with the untreated sample, the first helium CP treatment maintained the content of C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C18:3n3, but the second to fourth CP treatment significantly decreased contents of these fatty acids (FAs) as the C18:0 content increased. The first three CP treatments can increase the water and sucrose solvent retention capacity in rice flours. CP repeatedly treated rice first exhibits the similar monolayer water content and solid surface area of water sorption. Principal component analysis shows that contact angle, pasting parameters, and fatty acid profile in milled rice are quite sensitive to CP treatment. Results support that the effect of low-pressure RF 120W helium CP treatment 20 s on rice grains is perdurable, and the improvement of CP intermittent treatments on rice cooking and pasting properties is an added benefit, and the hygroscopic properties of rice was kept. Full article
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13 pages, 3332 KiB  
Article
Procymidone Application Contributes to Multidrug Resistance of Botrytis cinerea
by Zhaochen Wu, Chuxian Yu, Qiuyan Bi, Junting Zhang, Jianjun Hao, Pengfei Liu and Xili Liu
J. Fungi 2024, 10(4), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10040261 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea infects a broad range of plant hosts and causes substantial economic losses to many crops. Although resistance to procymidone has been observed in the field, it remains uncertain why procymidone is usually involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) together [...] Read more.
The necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea infects a broad range of plant hosts and causes substantial economic losses to many crops. Although resistance to procymidone has been observed in the field, it remains uncertain why procymidone is usually involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) together with other fungicides. Nine mutants derived from the B. cinerea strain B05.10 through procymidone domestication exhibited high resistance factors (RFs) against both procymidone and fludioxonil. However, the fitness of the mutants was reduced compared to their parental strain, showing non-sporulation and moderate virulence. Furthermore, the RFs of these mutants to other fungicides, such as azoxystrobin, fluazinam, difenoconazole, and pyrimethanil, ranged from 10 to 151, indicating the occurrence of MDR. Transcriptive expression analysis using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that the mutants overexpressed ABC transporter genes, ranging from 2 to 93.7-fold. These mutants carried single-point mutations W647X, R96X, and Q751X within BcBos1 by DNA sequencing. These alterations in BcBos1 conferred resistance to procymidone and other fungicides in the mutants. Molecular docking analysis suggested distinct interactions between procymidone and Bos1 in the B. cinerea standard strain B05.10 or the resistant mutants, suggesting a higher affinity of the former towards binding with the fungicide. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the biological characteristics of the resistant mutants and conducts an initial investigation into its fungicide resistance traits, providing a reference for understanding the causes of multidrug resistance of B. cinerea in the field. Full article
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14 pages, 2604 KiB  
Article
Effect of Plasma Treatment on Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
by Pornchai Rachtanapun, Choncharoen Sawangrat, Thidarat Kanthiya, Parichat Thipchai, Kannikar Kaewapai, Jonghwan Suhr, Patnarin Worajittiphon, Nuttapol Tanadchangsaeng, Pitiwat Wattanachai and Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070938 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Bamboo cellulose fiber (BF)-reinforced epoxy (EP) composites were fabricated with BF subjected to plasma treatment using argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) gases. Optimal mechanical properties of the EP/BF composites were achieved with BFs subjected to 30 min [...] Read more.
Bamboo cellulose fiber (BF)-reinforced epoxy (EP) composites were fabricated with BF subjected to plasma treatment using argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) gases. Optimal mechanical properties of the EP/BF composites were achieved with BFs subjected to 30 min of plasma treatment using Ar. This is because Ar gas improved the plasma electron density, surface polarity, and BF roughness. Flexural strength and flexural modulus increased with O2 plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the etching of the fiber surface with Ar gas improved interfacial adhesion. The water contact angle and surface tension of the EP/BF composite improved after 10 min of Ar treatment, owing to the compatibility between the BFs and the EP matrix. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed a reduction in lignin after treatment and the formation of new peaks at 1736 cm−1, which indicated a reaction between epoxy groups of the EP and carbon in the BF backbone. This reaction improved the compatibility, mechanical properties, and water resistance of the composites. Full article
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21 pages, 3280 KiB  
Article
Rare-Earth Element Phase Associations in Four West Virginia Coal Samples
by Rachel Yesenchak, Shikha Sharma, Christina Lopano and Scott Montross
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040362 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Rare-earth elements are critical components of technologies used in renewable energy, communication, transportation, and national defense. Securing supply chains by developing domestic rare-earth resources, including coal and coal byproducts, has become a national priority. With some of the largest coal reserves in the [...] Read more.
Rare-earth elements are critical components of technologies used in renewable energy, communication, transportation, and national defense. Securing supply chains by developing domestic rare-earth resources, including coal and coal byproducts, has become a national priority. With some of the largest coal reserves in the country, states within the Appalachian Basin can play a key role in supplying these elements. Understanding rare-earth element phase associations and the processes that lead to enrichment in these coals will inform resource prospecting and recovery techniques. This study used sequential leaching in addition to scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to identify rare-earth element modes of occurrence in WV coals. The results indicate that heavier elements have a stronger association with organic matter and that phosphate minerals are primary sources of both heavy and light rare-earth elements. However, these phases are shielded by a resistant aluminosilicate matrix that can impede the recovery of rare-earth elements using traditional methods. Full article
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17 pages, 17783 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Flow Characteristics for Supercritical CO2-Sprayed Polyurethane Resin
by Chichao Li, Chengrui Zhang, Minghua Xiang, Qing Chen, Zhenyang Luo and Yanlong Luo
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070940 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Conventional paint spraying processes often use small molecule organic solvents and emit a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are highly toxic, flammable, and explosive. Alternatively, the spraying technology using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as a solvent has attracted [...] Read more.
Conventional paint spraying processes often use small molecule organic solvents and emit a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are highly toxic, flammable, and explosive. Alternatively, the spraying technology using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as a solvent has attracted attention because of its ability to reduce VOC emissions, but the flow characteristics of coatings have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, we numerically simulate the spraying process based on the actual process of scCO2 spraying polyurethane coatings by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The effects of inlet pressure and volume fraction of scCO2 on the fluid motion parameters inside the nozzle as well as the atomization effect of droplets outside the nozzle are investigated. The simulated results show that a fluid with a large volume fraction of scCO2 will obtain a smaller density, resulting in a larger velocity and a larger distance for the spray to effectively spray. Higher coating content and bigger inlet pressures will result in higher discrete phase model (DPM) concentrations, and thus a bigger inlet pressure should be used to make the droplets more uniform across the 30° spray range. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the process of scCO2-sprayed polyurethane resin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Rubber Composites)
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22 pages, 1204 KiB  
Review
Gluten-Free Diet and Other Celiac Disease Therapies: Current Understanding and Emerging Strategies
by Anna Maria Mazzola, Irene Zammarchi, Maria Chiara Valerii, Enzo Spisni, Ilaria Maria Saracino, Francesco Lanzarotto and Chiara Ricci
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071006 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of [...] Read more.
A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of gluten-free products. Moreover, although the GFD is effective in achieving mucosal healing, it may lead to dietary imbalances due to nutrient deficiencies over a long period of time. To overcome these issues, several gluten-free wheat flours have been developed to create products that closely resemble their gluten-containing counterparts. Furthermore, given the critical importance of adhering to the GFD, it becomes essential to promote adherence and monitor possible voluntary or involuntary transgressions. Various methods, including clinical assessment, questionnaires, serology for celiac disease, duodenal biopsies and the detection of Gluten Immunogenic Peptides (GIPs) are employed for this purpose, but none are considered entirely satisfactory. Since adherence to the GFD poses challenges, alternative therapies should be implemented in the coming years to improve treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients with celiac disease. The aim of this narrative review is to explore current knowledge of the GFD and investigate its future perspectives, focusing on technology advancements, follow-up strategies and insights into a rapidly changing future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intolerance and Food Allergy: Novel Aspects in a Changing World)
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19 pages, 8492 KiB  
Article
Spike Device with Worm Gear Unit for Driving Wheels to Improve the Traction Performance of Compact Tractors on Grass Plots
by Rudolf Abrahám, Radoslav Majdan, Katarína Kollárová, Zdenko Tká?, Eva Matejková, Soňa Masarovi?ová and Róbert Drli?ka
Agriculture 2024, 14(4), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14040545 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In general, energy loss reduction via the interaction of tires with the ground improves tractor traction performance when a drawbar pull is generated. This paper is examines the driving wheels with steel spikes for a tractor equipped with modern radial tires. An improved [...] Read more.
In general, energy loss reduction via the interaction of tires with the ground improves tractor traction performance when a drawbar pull is generated. This paper is examines the driving wheels with steel spikes for a tractor equipped with modern radial tires. An improved design of the spike device that allows for the change between an active and inactive position of the spikes is presented. The traction performance of a compact articulated tractor with the spike device was tested on a grass plot with two soil moisture contents (SMC). The highest difference in the drawbar pull in the range from 14.2% to 40.5% and from 17.1% to 36.8% was reached by the spikes in the active position in comparison with the tires without spikes, which were at the slip range from 45% to 5% in the case of the low SMC when the test tractor was in the 3rd and 1st gear. The motion resistance difference between the spikes in the active position and the tires without spikes was 11.8% and 2.5% at the low and medium SMC, respectively. At the low and medium SMC, the highest tractive efficiency of 0.765 (0.721) and 0.757 (0.731) was reached by the spikes in the active position when the test tractor was in the 1st (3rd) gear in comparison with 0.736 (0.7) and 0.723 (0.708) in the case of the tires without spikes. The results indicated that the spike device allowed for the improvement of tractor tractive performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
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13 pages, 5913 KiB  
Article
Adsorption of Pyrene and Arsenite by Micro/Nano Carbon Black and Iron Oxide
by Shuai Zhang, Gulijiazi Yeerkenbieke, Shuai Shi, Zhaoyang Wang, Lijin Yi and Xiaoxia Lu
Toxics 2024, 12(4), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040251 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and arsenic (As) are common pollutants co-existing in the environment, causing potential hazards to the ecosystem and human health. How their behaviors are affected by micro/nano particles in the environment are still not very clear. Through a series of [...] Read more.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and arsenic (As) are common pollutants co-existing in the environment, causing potential hazards to the ecosystem and human health. How their behaviors are affected by micro/nano particles in the environment are still not very clear. Through a series of static adsorption experiments, this study investigated the adsorption of pyrene and arsenite (As (III)) using micro/nano carbon black and iron oxide under different conditions. The objectives were to determine the kinetics and isotherms of the adsorption of pyrene and As (III) using micro/nano carbon black and iron oxide and evaluate the impact of co-existing conditions on the adsorption. The microstructure of micro/nano carbon black (C 94.03%) is spherical-like, with a diameter of 100–200 nm. The micro/nano iron oxide (hematite) has irregular rod-shaped structures, mostly about 1 µm long and 100–200 nm wide. The results show that the micro/nano black carbon easily adsorbed the pyrene, with a pseudo-second-order rate constant of 0.016 mg/(g·h) and an adsorption capacity of 283.23 μg/g at 24 h. The micro/nano iron oxide easily adsorbed As (III), with a pseudo-second-order rate constant of 0.814 mg/(g·h) and an adsorption capacity of 3.45 mg/g at 24 h. The mechanisms of adsorption were mainly chemical reactions. Micro/nano carbon black hardly adsorbed As (III), but its adsorption capability for pyrene was reduced by the presence of As (III), and this effect increased with an increase in the As (III) concentration. The adsorbed pyrene on the micro/nano black carbon could hardly be desorbed. On the other hand, the micro/nano iron oxide could hardly adsorb the pyrene, but its adsorption capability for As (III) was increased by the presence of pyrene, and this effect increased with an increase in the pyrene concentration. The results of this study provide guidance for the risk management and remediation of the environment when there is combined pollution of PAHs and As. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Transport and Transformation of Pollutants)
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15 pages, 5148 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Experimental Validation of Broad Input-Output Range Three-Voltage-Level Rectifier
by Yarden Oren, Eliav Dahan, Aaron Shmaryahu, Yishai Kellerman, Moshe Sitbon, Shlomo Yaakov Gadelovits, Dmitry Baimel and Ilan Aharon
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020037 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A new type of single–conversion–step wide–input–range versatile step–up/down three–voltage–level power–factor correction stage is presented in this manuscript. The rectifier can operate both in continuous–conduction mode and discontinuous–conduction mode. First, the rectifier’s principle of operation is described, and then the innovative rectifier is analyzed [...] Read more.
A new type of single–conversion–step wide–input–range versatile step–up/down three–voltage–level power–factor correction stage is presented in this manuscript. The rectifier can operate both in continuous–conduction mode and discontinuous–conduction mode. First, the rectifier’s principle of operation is described, and then the innovative rectifier is analyzed in continuous and discontinuous–conduction modes. After, an average model for the innovative rectifier is developed. Lastly, the proposed theory is experimentally validated using a multiplier–less dual–control–loop mode at discontinuous–conduction modes. It is shown that although no multiplier is used in the control circuitry, the power factor is near unity. It is revealed that the rectifier can swing the output voltage from 50 V to 900 V while the input voltage is 230 Vrms. Although the rectifier output has a split DC bus with three voltage levels, the required control effort is low, and the output voltage is balanced. The innovative topology suits any standard power–factor correction rectifier application, dual–stage low–voltage power supply, and three–level voltage supplement for low–harmonic inverters. Since the rectifier’s output–voltage swing is extremely wide, energy storage systems and electric vehicle batteries are suitable applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inventions in Power Trains for Electrical Vehicles)
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22 pages, 10191 KiB  
Article
In Situ Pure Shear Tests on Textured Magnesium AZ31B Sheets
by Lawrence Whitmore, Anton Nischler, Holger Saage and Otto Huber
Metals 2024, 14(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040404 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Pure shear tests of textured magnesium AZ31B sheet samples were carried out using a 5 kN Kammrath & Weiss in situ tension-compression stage in a scanning electron microscope in combination with real-time electron backscatter diffraction lattice orientation mapping. The sample design was optimized [...] Read more.
Pure shear tests of textured magnesium AZ31B sheet samples were carried out using a 5 kN Kammrath & Weiss in situ tension-compression stage in a scanning electron microscope in combination with real-time electron backscatter diffraction lattice orientation mapping. The sample design was optimized to produce a pure shear stress in the central gauge zone. Distributions of the deformation twins were correlated with finite element simulations using a linear-elastic constitutive law considering large deformations to show that twins form in areas where the principal compressive stress σ3* is a maximum and that they form normal to the trajectories of that minor principal stress. Mappings of the same area at different load values revealed the formation and growth of individual twins and their relationship to the internal elastic strain of individual grains as indicated by the internal grain disorientation. All twins observed were of the extension type, with an 86.3° disorientation with respect to the parent grains. A more detailed study was conducted using transmission electron microscopy to correlate with the EBSD observations and to further elucidate the twin structures within samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)
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20 pages, 731 KiB  
Case Report
Actuarial Analysis of Survival after Breast Cancer Diagnosis among Lithuanian Females
by Justina Levickyt?, Aldona Sku?ait?, Jonas ?iaulys, Rokas Pui?ys and Ieva Vincer?evskien?
Healthcare 2024, 12(7), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070746 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of mortality due to cancer for women both in Lithuania and worldwide. The chances of survival after diagnosis differ significantly depending on the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis and other factors. One way [...] Read more.
Breast cancer is the most common cause of mortality due to cancer for women both in Lithuania and worldwide. The chances of survival after diagnosis differ significantly depending on the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis and other factors. One way to estimate survival is to construct a Kaplan–Meier estimate for each factor value separately. However, in cases when it is impossible to observe a large number of patients (for example, in the case of countries with lower numbers of inhabitants), dividing the data into subsets, say, by stage at diagnosis, may lead to results where some subsets contain too few data, thus causing the results of a Kaplan–Meier (or any other) method to become statistically incredible. The problem may become even more acute if researchers want to use more risk factors, such as stage at diagnosis, sex, place of living, treatment method, etc. Alternatively, Cox models can be used to analyse survival data with covariates, and they do not require the data to be divided into subsets according to chosen risks factors (hazards). We estimate the chances of survival for up to 5 years after a breast cancer diagnosis for Lithuanian females during the period of 1995–2016. Firstly, we construct Kaplan-Meier estimates for each stage separately; then, we apply a (stratified) Cox model using stage, circumstance of diagnosis, and year of diagnosis as (potential) hazards. Some directions of further research are provided in the last section of the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Life of Cancer Survivor)
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13 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
Patterns of Social Media Use across Age Groups during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study across Four Countries
by Tore Bonsaksen, Hilde Thygesen, Janni Leung, Gary Lamph, Isaac Kabelenga and Amy ?stertun Geirdal
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(4), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13040194 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine patterns of social media use across age groups in four countries (Norway, USA, UK, and Australia) two years after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, and whether types of use and time spent using social media was [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to examine patterns of social media use across age groups in four countries (Norway, USA, UK, and Australia) two years after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, and whether types of use and time spent using social media was related to health worries. A cross-sectional online survey was completed by 1578 adult participants. The data were analysed with one-way analyses of variance and a linear regression analysis. Younger people spent more time on and were more likely to be passive users of social media than older people. Motives for social media use, and perceived effects of using social media, varied by participants’ age. Passive social media use and more time spent using social media were related to higher levels of health worries. Thus, an age perspective is relevant for understanding patterns of social media use, and different types of social media use appear to be differently related to health worries. Full article
17 pages, 977 KiB  
Article
A Comparison Study of Deep Learning Methodologies for Music Emotion Recognition
by Pedro Lima Louro, Hugo Redinho, Ricardo Malheiro, Rui Pedro Paiva and Renato Panda
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2201; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072201 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Classical machine learning techniques have dominated Music Emotion Recognition. However, improvements have slowed down due to the complex and time-consuming task of handcrafting new emotionally relevant audio features. Deep learning methods have recently gained popularity in the field because of their ability to [...] Read more.
Classical machine learning techniques have dominated Music Emotion Recognition. However, improvements have slowed down due to the complex and time-consuming task of handcrafting new emotionally relevant audio features. Deep learning methods have recently gained popularity in the field because of their ability to automatically learn relevant features from spectral representations of songs, eliminating such necessity. Nonetheless, there are limitations, such as the need for large amounts of quality labeled data, a common problem in MER research. To understand the effectiveness of these techniques, a comparison study using various classical machine learning and deep learning methods was conducted. The results showed that using an ensemble of a Dense Neural Network and a Convolutional Neural Network architecture resulted in a state-of-the-art 80.20% F1 score, an improvement of around 5% considering the best baseline results, concluding that future research should take advantage of both paradigms, that is, combining handcrafted features with feature learning. Full article
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29 pages, 13086 KiB  
Review
An Illustrated Scoping Review of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Canine and Feline Brain Tumors
by James L. May, Josefa Garcia-Mora, Michael Edwards and John H. Rossmeisl
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071044 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used pervasively in veterinary practice for the antemortem diagnosis of intracranial tumors. Here, we provide an illustrated summary of the published MRI features of primary and secondary intracranial tumors of dogs and cats, following PRISMA scoping review guidelines. [...] Read more.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used pervasively in veterinary practice for the antemortem diagnosis of intracranial tumors. Here, we provide an illustrated summary of the published MRI features of primary and secondary intracranial tumors of dogs and cats, following PRISMA scoping review guidelines. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant records, and input from stakeholders was solicited to select data for extraction. Sixty-seven studies of moderate to low-level evidence quality describing the MRI features of pathologically confirmed canine and feline brain tumors met inclusion criteria. Considerable variability in data inclusion and reporting, as well as low case numbers, prohibited comparative data analyses. Available data support a holistic MRI approach incorporating lesion number, location within the brain, shape, intrinsic signal appearances on multiparametric sequences, patterns of contrast enhancement, and associated secondary changes in the brain to prioritize differential imaging diagnoses, and often allows for accurate presumptive diagnosis of common intracranial tumors. Quantitative MRI techniques show promise for improving discrimination of neoplastic from non-neoplastic brain lesions, as well as differentiating brain tumor types and grades, but sample size limitations will likely remain a significant practical obstacle to the design of robustly powered radiomic studies. For many brain tumor variants, particularly in cats, there remains a need for standardized studies that correlate clinicopathologic and neuroimaging data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Imaging in Animal Oncology)
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16 pages, 42155 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Water-Plugging Performance of Grouted Concrete Crack
by Lianzhen Zhang, Changxin Huang, Zhipeng Li, Anni Wang, Meng Gao, Yang Gao and Xiaochen Wang
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071568 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this paper, ordinary Portland cement, ultrafine cement, polyurethane, and epoxy resin were selected as typical grouting materials. Grouting simulation tests were first conducted to prepare the grouted concrete crack sample. The effect of concrete crack parameters (i.e., crack aperture and roughness), grout [...] Read more.
In this paper, ordinary Portland cement, ultrafine cement, polyurethane, and epoxy resin were selected as typical grouting materials. Grouting simulation tests were first conducted to prepare the grouted concrete crack sample. The effect of concrete crack parameters (i.e., crack aperture and roughness), grout water–cement ratio, and grouting pressure on the water-plugging performance of different grouting materials was explored through the impermeability test. The microstructure of grouted concrete cracks was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computed tomography (CT), and the difference in water-plugging performance of different grouting materials was explained at the micro level. The results show that the impermeability of the four grouting materials was ranked as follows: Epoxy resin > polyurethane > ultra-fine cement > ordinary Portland cement. The concrete cracks grouted by epoxy resin have the highest plugging failure water pressure and the lowest permeability, which is the optimal grouting material. The effectiveness of crack grouting in water-plugging was directly proportional to the grouting pressure, provided the pressure did not exceed a certain value. When the pressure surpassed the threshold, the increase in pressure did not have a significant impact on the water plugging performance. For the two cement-based materials, the threshold pressure was 1 MPa, while for the other two chemical grouts, it was 2 MPa. The two cement-based grouts with a water–cement ratio of 0.8 showed optimal water-plugging performance. The water-plugging performance of ordinary Portland cement paste, ultra-fine cement pastes, and polyurethane grout was negatively correlated with crack aperture and positively correlated with crack roughness. However, the water-plugging performance of epoxy resin grout was not affected by crack aperture or roughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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23 pages, 3017 KiB  
Review
Machine Learning Applications in Optical Fiber Sensing: A Research Agenda
by Erick Reyes-Vera, Alejandro Valencia-Arias, Vanessa García-Pineda, Edward Florencio Aurora-Vigo, Halyn Alvarez Vásquez and Gustavo Sánchez
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072200 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The constant monitoring and control of various health, infrastructure, and natural factors have led to the design and development of technological devices in a wide range of fields. This has resulted in the creation of different types of sensors that can be used [...] Read more.
The constant monitoring and control of various health, infrastructure, and natural factors have led to the design and development of technological devices in a wide range of fields. This has resulted in the creation of different types of sensors that can be used to monitor and control different environments, such as fire, water, temperature, and movement, among others. These sensors detect anomalies in the input data to the system, allowing alerts to be generated for early risk detection. The advancement of artificial intelligence has led to improved sensor systems and networks, resulting in devices with better performance and more precise results by incorporating various features. The aim of this work is to conduct a bibliometric analysis using the PRISMA 2020 set to identify research trends in the development of machine learning applications in fiber optic sensors. This methodology facilitates the analysis of a dataset comprised of documents obtained from Scopus and Web of Science databases. It enables the evaluation of both the quantity and quality of publications in the study area based on specific criteria, such as trends, key concepts, and advances in concepts over time. The study found that deep learning techniques and fiber Bragg gratings have been extensively researched in infrastructure, with a focus on using fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring in future research. One of the main limitations is the lack of research on the use of novel materials, such as graphite, for designing fiber optic sensors. One of the main limitations is the lack of research on the use of novel materials, such as graphite, for designing fiber optic sensors. This presents an opportunity for future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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17 pages, 674 KiB  
Article
Asymptotic Antipodal Solutions as the Limit of Elliptic Relative Equilibria for the Two- and n-Body Problems in the Two-Dimensional Conformal Sphere
by Rubén Darío Ortiz Ortiz, Ana Magnolia Marín Ramírez and Ismael Oviedo de Julián
Mathematics 2024, 12(7), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12071025 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
We consider the two- and n-body problems on the two-dimensional conformal sphere MR2, with a radius R>0. We employ an alternative potential free of singularities at antipodal points. We study the limit of relative equilibria under [...] Read more.
We consider the two- and n-body problems on the two-dimensional conformal sphere MR2, with a radius R>0. We employ an alternative potential free of singularities at antipodal points. We study the limit of relative equilibria under the SO(2) symmetry; we examine the specific conditions under which a pair of positive-mass particles, situated at antipodal points, can maintain a state of relative equilibrium as they traverse along a geodesic. It is identified that, under an appropriate radius–mass relationship, these particles experience an unrestricted and free movement in alignment with the geodesic of the canonical Killing vector field in MR2. An even number of bodies with pairwise conjugated positions, arranged in a regular n-gon, all with the same mass m, move freely on a geodesic with suitable velocities, where this geodesic motion behaves like a relative equilibrium. Also, a center of mass formula is included. A relation is found for the relative equilibrium in the two-body problem in the sphere similar to the Snell law. Full article
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21 pages, 7592 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Mechanical Behavior of Column-Free Quasi-Rectangular Segmental Tunnel Linings
by Zhen Liu, Yizheng Chen, Yuebin Wu and Xian Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2896; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072896 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
To investigate the mechanical behavior and design methodology of column-free QRST (quasi-rectangular segmental tunnel) structures, a theoretical analysis based on prototype experiments and simulation models is conducted. Initially, a prototype experimental investigation is conducted to reveal the structural behavior at the service stage. [...] Read more.
To investigate the mechanical behavior and design methodology of column-free QRST (quasi-rectangular segmental tunnel) structures, a theoretical analysis based on prototype experiments and simulation models is conducted. Initially, a prototype experimental investigation is conducted to reveal the structural behavior at the service stage. Subsequently, the ESHR model (Equivalent Stiffness Homogeneous Ring), the BS model (Beam Spring), and the MBS model (Modified Beam Spring) are used to simulate structural behavior. For design purposes, the design methodology is explored based on the ESHR model, followed by a sensitivity analysis of several key load parameters. Based on the experimental results, weak parts of the column-free QRST structure are found to include several joints (Joint 1, Joint 5, Joint 3, and Joint 8), and corresponding optimization measures are proposed. By comparing the test results, the above-mentioned three models demonstrate their applicability in structural simulation, with the ESHR model having sufficient design accuracy. A model-based deformation mechanism analysis found that joints contribute approximately 2/3 of the structural deformation. For the structural design of the column-free QRST using the ESHR model, amplifying the calculated results of structures directly subjected to the service stage by 10% suffices to meet engineering requirements. Based on the test and study, special attention should be paid to the negative bending moment regions at the waists of the structure during both the design and service stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Tunneling and Underground Space Technology)
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