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17 pages, 1688 KiB  
Article
Sea-Surface Small Target Detection Based on Improved Markov Transition Fields
by Ru Ye, Hongyan Xing and Xing Zhou
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040582 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Addressing the limitations of manually extracting features from small maritime target signals, this paper explores Markov transition fields and convolutional neural networks, proposing a detection method for small targets based on an improved Markov transition field. Initially, the raw data undergo a Fourier [...] Read more.
Addressing the limitations of manually extracting features from small maritime target signals, this paper explores Markov transition fields and convolutional neural networks, proposing a detection method for small targets based on an improved Markov transition field. Initially, the raw data undergo a Fourier transform, feature fusion is performed on the series, and a spectrogram is generated using Markov transition fields to extract radar data features from both the time domain and frequency domain, providing a more comprehensive data representation for the detector. Then, the InceptionResnetV2 network is employed as a classifier, setting decision thresholds based on the softmax layer’s output, thus achieving controllable false alarms in the detection of small maritime targets. Additionally, transfer learning is introduced to address the issue of sample imbalance. The IPIX dataset is used for experimental verification. The experimental results show that the proposed detection method can deeply mine the differences between targets and the maritime clutter background, demonstrating superior detection performance. When the observation time is set to 1.024 s, the IMIRV2 detector performs best. Cross-validation with different data preprocessing methods and classification models reveals a significant advantage in the performance of the IMIRV2 detector, especially at low signal-to-noise ratios. Finally, a comparison with the performance of existing detectors indicates that the proposed method offers certain improvements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
8 pages, 2878 KiB  
Case Report
A Case Report of Secondary Glaucoma in A Patient with HTLV-1: Discussion about the Management of Secondary Glaucoma Due to Recurrent Granulomatous Uveitis
by Kenta Ashikaga, Teruhiko Hamanaka, Mayumi Hosogai, Takao Tanaka, Shintaro Nakao and Toshinari Funaki
J. Clin. Transl. Ophthalmol. 2024, 2(2), 26-33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcto2020003 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Purpose: to investigate secondary glaucoma resulting from uveitis in a patient infected with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) pathologically and discuss the management of glaucoma with recurrent uveitis. Clinical course: An octogenarian woman diagnosed as a carrier of HTLV-1 experienced recurrent [...] Read more.
Purpose: to investigate secondary glaucoma resulting from uveitis in a patient infected with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) pathologically and discuss the management of glaucoma with recurrent uveitis. Clinical course: An octogenarian woman diagnosed as a carrier of HTLV-1 experienced recurrent uveitis and a sudden rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) in both eyes. Due to the uncontrolled IOP and severely damaged visual field in her left eye, a combined procedure of trabeculectomy and DGIS (glaucoma drainage implant surgery, Baerveldt 350) was performed. The presence of HTLV-1 provirus was detected in the aqueous humor. Her trabeculectomy sample was processed for light microscopic observation. Following an irregular follow-up, she presented with a sudden decrease in vision and pain in her fellow eye, four years after the glaucoma surgeries. Her right eye exhibited a significant accumulation of mutton-fat-like keratic precipitates. Results: Clinical manifestations revealed the presence of granulomatous uveitis. The combined glaucoma surgery, along with continuous topical corticosteroid medication post-surgery in her left eye, effectively suppressed the high IOP spikes and the recurrence of uveitis for 4 years. The pathological examination of the outflow pathways showed a range of damages in Schlemm’s canal (SC), including SC endothelial loss, narrowing, and occlusion, as well as loss of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and fused TM beams. Conclusion: Combined GDIS and trabeculectomy represents a promising approach for managing such refractory cases of secondary glaucoma. Continuous topical corticosteroid medication is strongly recommended to prevent irreversible changes in SC and TM associated with granulomatous uveitis. Full article
28 pages, 673 KiB  
Review
An Overview on the Big Players in Bone Tissue Engineering: Biomaterials, Scaffolds and Cells
by Maria Pia Ferraz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3836; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073836 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Presently, millions worldwide suffer from degenerative and inflammatory bone and joint issues, comprising roughly half of chronic ailments in those over 50, leading to prolonged discomfort and physical limitations. These conditions become more prevalent with age and lifestyle factors, escalating due to the [...] Read more.
Presently, millions worldwide suffer from degenerative and inflammatory bone and joint issues, comprising roughly half of chronic ailments in those over 50, leading to prolonged discomfort and physical limitations. These conditions become more prevalent with age and lifestyle factors, escalating due to the growing elderly populace. Addressing these challenges often entails surgical interventions utilizing implants or bone grafts, though these treatments may entail complications such as pain and tissue death at donor sites for grafts, along with immune rejection. To surmount these challenges, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising avenue for bone injury repair and reconstruction. It involves the use of different biomaterials and the development of three-dimensional porous matrices and scaffolds, alongside osteoprogenitor cells and growth factors to stimulate natural tissue regeneration. This review compiles methodologies that can be used to develop biomaterials that are important in bone tissue replacement and regeneration. Biomaterials for orthopedic implants, several scaffold types and production methods, as well as techniques to assess biomaterials’ suitability for human use—both in laboratory settings and within living organisms—are discussed. Even though researchers have had some success, there is still room for improvements in their processing techniques, especially the ones that make scaffolds mechanically stronger without weakening their biological characteristics. Bone tissue engineering is therefore a promising area due to the rise in bone-related injuries. Full article
16 pages, 9818 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Recrystallization Constitutive Model and Texture Evolution of Metastable β Titanium Alloy TB8 during Thermal Deformation
by Chuankun Zhou, Fang Cao, Zhirong Yang and Weifeng Rao
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071572 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The mechanical properties of metastable β-titanium alloys are highly susceptible during the thermal mechanical processing (TMP). In this process, the recrystallization process plays an important role in determining the microstructure and texture evolution. The implementation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), a process for achieving [...] Read more.
The mechanical properties of metastable β-titanium alloys are highly susceptible during the thermal mechanical processing (TMP). In this process, the recrystallization process plays an important role in determining the microstructure and texture evolution. The implementation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), a process for achieving β-grain refinement, is considered of great significance for the improvement of the properties of metastable β-titanium alloys and their industrial production. Along these lines, in this work, an isothermal compression test of TB8 titanium alloy was carried out by using a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. As a result, the rheological stress behavior was analyzed, the thermal processing map was accurately established based on the stress–strain curve, and the optimal processing interval was determined. The DRX kinetic and the DRX grain size models were developed, on the basis of which a new DRX intrinsic model was established to improve the material parameters. Therefore, the actual situation in the working process could be better predicted. The microstructural evolution of TB8 titanium alloy during thermal deformation was comprehensively investigated using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The obtained results demonstrate a close correlation between the diversity of DRX mechanisms in TB8 alloy and the distribution of dislocation density. Four microstructural textures during thermal deformation were identified, in which the cube texture of (001) <010> and the R-Gorss Nd texture of (110) <110> dominate. Due to the random orientation of the dynamically recrystallized grains, the strength of the R-Gorss Nd texture of (110) <110> increases with the increase in the volume fraction of DRX. On the contrary, it was verified that the dynamic recrystallization behavior has a significant weakening impact on the cube texture of (001) <010>. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
11 pages, 1120 KiB  
Article
Calcium Chloride as a Novel Stabilizer for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Its Application in the Vaccine Formulation
by Jong Sook Jin, Gyeongmin Lee, Jae Young Kim, SooAh Lee, Jong-Hyeon Park, Sun Young Park and Young-Joon Ko
Vaccines 2024, 12(4), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040367 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The thermal stability of the in-house-developed foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type O and A viruses was evaluated, and the O Jincheon virus was found to exhibit the lowest thermal stability. To overcome this instability, we proposed a novel stabilizer, calcium chloride. The thermal stability [...] Read more.
The thermal stability of the in-house-developed foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type O and A viruses was evaluated, and the O Jincheon virus was found to exhibit the lowest thermal stability. To overcome this instability, we proposed a novel stabilizer, calcium chloride. The thermal stability of FMDVs increased up to a CaCl2 concentration of 10 mM, and it had a decreasing trend at >30 mM. The O Jincheon virus showed a significant decrease in the amount of antigen over time at 4 °C. In contrast, the samples treated with CaCl2 showed stable preservation of the virus without significant antigen loss. After the CaCl2-formulated vaccine was administered twice to pigs, the virus neutralization titer reached approximately 1:1000, suggesting that the vaccine could protect pigs against the FMDV challenge. In summary, the O Jincheon virus is difficult to utilize as a vaccine given its low stability during storage after antigen production. However, following its treatment with CaCl2, it can be easily utilized as a vaccine. This study evaluated CaCl2 as a novel stabilizer in FMD vaccines and may contribute to the development of stable vaccine formulations, especially for inherently unstable FMDV strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases)
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19 pages, 5627 KiB  
Article
Uncertainty-Guided Asymmetric Consistency Domain Adaptation for Histopathological Image Classification
by Chenglin Yu and Hailong Pei
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2900; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072900 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Deep learning has achieved remarkable progress in medical image analysis, but its effectiveness heavily relies on large-scale and well-annotated datasets. However, assembling a large-scale dataset of annotated histopathological images is challenging due to their unique characteristics, including various image sizes, multiple cancer types, [...] Read more.
Deep learning has achieved remarkable progress in medical image analysis, but its effectiveness heavily relies on large-scale and well-annotated datasets. However, assembling a large-scale dataset of annotated histopathological images is challenging due to their unique characteristics, including various image sizes, multiple cancer types, and staining variations. Moreover, strict data privacy in medicine severely restricts data sharing and poses significant challenges in acquiring large-scale and well-annotated histopathological images. To tackle these constraints, Transfer Learning (TL) provides a promising solution by exploiting knowledge from another domain. This study proposes the Uncertainty-guided asymmetric Consistency Domain Adaptation (UCDA), which does not require accessing the source data and is composed of two essential components, e.g., Uncertainty-guided Source-free Transfer Learning (USTL) and Asymmetric Consistency Learning (ACL). In detail, USTL facilitates a secure mapping of the source domain model’s feature space onto the target domain, eliminating the dependency on source domain data to protect data privacy. At the same time, the ACL module measures the symmetry and asymmetry between the source and target domains, bridging the information gap and preserving inter-domain differences among medical images. We comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of UCDA on three widely recognized and publicly available datasets, namely NCTCRC-HE-100K, PCam, and LC25000. Impressively, our proposed method achieves remarkable performance on accuracy and F1-scores. Additionally, feature visualizations effectively demonstrate the exceptional generalizability and discriminative power of the learned representations. These compelling results underscore the significant potential of UCDA in driving the advancement of deep learning techniques within the realm of histopathological image analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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19 pages, 1428 KiB  
Article
Improved Bootstrap Method Based on RBF Neural Network for Reliability Assessment
by Houxiang Wang, Haitao Liu and Songshi Shao
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2901; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072901 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The investigation of the reliability of long-life equipment is typically hindered by the lack of experimental data, which makes accurate assessments challenging. To address this problem, a bootstrap method based on the improved RBF (radial basis function) neural network is proposed. This method [...] Read more.
The investigation of the reliability of long-life equipment is typically hindered by the lack of experimental data, which makes accurate assessments challenging. To address this problem, a bootstrap method based on the improved RBF (radial basis function) neural network is proposed. This method utilizes the exponential function to modify the conventional empirical distribution function and fit right-tailed data. In addition, it employs the RBF radial basis neural network to obtain the distribution characteristics of the original samples and then constructs the neighborhood function to generate the input network. The expanded sample is used to estimate the scale and shape parameters of the Weibull distribution and obtain the estimated value of the MTBF (mean time between failures). The bias correction method is then used to obtain the interval estimate for the MTBF. Subsequently, a simulation experiment is conducted based on the failure data of a CNC (computer numerical control) machine tool to verify the effect of this method. The results show that the accuracy of the MTBF point estimation and interval estimation obtained using the proposed method is superior to those of the original and conventional bootstrap methods, which is of major significance to engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in Reliability and Maintenance Engineering)
21 pages, 3695 KiB  
Article
Preclinical Development of Antisense Oligonucleotides to Rescue Aberrant Splicing Caused by an Ultrarare ABCA4 Variant in a Child with Early-Onset Stargardt Disease
by Nuria Suárez-Herrera, Catherina H. Z. Li, Nico Leijsten, Dyah W. Karjosukarso, Zelia Corradi, Femke Bukkems, Lonneke Duijkers, Frans P. M. Cremers, Carel B. Hoyng, Alejandro Garanto and Rob W. J. Collin
Cells 2024, 13(7), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13070601 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Precision medicine is rapidly gaining recognition in the field of (ultra)rare conditions, where only a few individuals in the world are affected. Clinical trial design for a small number of patients is extremely challenging, and for this reason, the development of N-of-1 strategies [...] Read more.
Precision medicine is rapidly gaining recognition in the field of (ultra)rare conditions, where only a few individuals in the world are affected. Clinical trial design for a small number of patients is extremely challenging, and for this reason, the development of N-of-1 strategies is explored to accelerate customized therapy design for rare cases. A strong candidate for this approach is Stargardt disease (STGD1), an autosomal recessive macular degeneration characterized by high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. STGD1 is caused by pathogenic variants in ABCA4, and amongst them, several deep-intronic variants alter the pre-mRNA splicing process, generally resulting in the insertion of pseudoexons (PEs) into the final transcript. In this study, we describe a 10-year-old girl harboring the unique deep-intronic ABCA4 variant c.6817-713A>G. Clinically, she presents with typical early-onset STGD1 with a high disease symmetry between her two eyes. Molecularly, we designed antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) to block the produced PE insertion. Splicing rescue was assessed in three different in vitro models: HEK293T cells, fibroblasts, and photoreceptor precursor cells, the last two being derived from the patient. Overall, our research is intended to serve as the basis for a personalized N-of-1 AON-based treatment to stop early vision loss in this patient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nucleic Acid Therapeutics (NATs): Advances and Perspectives)
12 pages, 4086 KiB  
Article
An Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of cis-2,6-Disubstituted Tetrahydropyrans via Gold-Catalyzed Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement/Hydration/oxa-Michael Addition Sequence
by Nobuyoshi Morita, Daichi Yamashita, Yoshimitsu Hashimoto and Osamu Tamura
Catalysts 2024, 14(4), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14040228 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
An efficient stereoselective synthesis of cis-2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans 14ac has been achieved via gold-catalyzed Meyer–Schuster rearrangement/hydration/oxa-Michael addition sequence from bis-propargylic alcohols 13ac. The reaction of 13a proceeds via 2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyran 14′a as an intermediate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Transition Metal Catalysis)
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21 pages, 1722 KiB  
Article
Inverse Analysis of Strata in Seepage Field Based on Regularization Method and Geostatistics Theory
by Fansheng Zhang, Lianglin Dong, Hongbo Wang, Ke Zhong, Peiyuan Zhang and Jinyan Jiang
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040946 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
During the construction of underground engineering, the prediction of groundwater distribution and rock body permeability is essential for evaluating the safety of the project and guiding subsequent design and construction. This article proposes an objective function that solves an underdetermined inverse analysis problem [...] Read more.
During the construction of underground engineering, the prediction of groundwater distribution and rock body permeability is essential for evaluating the safety of the project and guiding subsequent design and construction. This article proposes an objective function that solves an underdetermined inverse analysis problem based on the least-squares theory and regularization method and uses geostatistics theory and the variogram function to describe the spatial characteristics of the actual engineering system. It also establishes an optimization model of the analysis stratum seepage field and puts forward the method of using on-site test observation data to solve the stratum penetration coefficient. Relying on the foundation pit project of the Lingshanwei Station of Qingdao Metro, the on-site pumping and packer permeability test was conducted for different strata venues in the foundation pit, and the on-site water-head observation value was obtained. Physical detection of the influence area of foundation pit excavation confirms the correctness of the model from the region and verifies the accuracy of the model on the value through the on-site pumping test. Results show that the accuracy of the use of this objective function to solve the underdetermined inverse problem is above 85%, which proves the effectiveness of the method. The stratigraphic geological information obtained by the inverse analysis model provides an important basis for engineering design and security construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
20 pages, 3591 KiB  
Article
A New Moment-Resisting Glulam Beam-End Connection Utilizing Mechanically Fastened Steel Rods—An Experimental Study
by Cory Hubbard and Osama (Sam) Salem
Appl. Mech. 2024, 5(2), 260-279; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech5020016 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A new moment-resisting mass timber connection was designed based on the principles of force equilibrium in applied mechanics. The connection configuration utilizing two mechanically fastened threaded steel rods embedded into the end of a glulam beam section was experimentally investigated in this study. [...] Read more.
A new moment-resisting mass timber connection was designed based on the principles of force equilibrium in applied mechanics. The connection configuration utilizing two mechanically fastened threaded steel rods embedded into the end of a glulam beam section was experimentally investigated in this study. A gradually increasing transverse load was applied to the free end of a cantilevered beam, causing a bending moment on the beam-end connection until failure. Four different connection configurations were examined, each replicated twice to verify results. The beam connection parameters investigated were rod anchorage length (200 and 250 mm) and square washer size (38.1 and 50.8 mm). Test results show that increasing the washer size increased the connection bending strength by increments more significantly than those due to increasing the rod anchorage length. However, the connection configurations with the smaller-size washer, which failed mainly due to wood crushing under the washer, had higher ductility ratios than those with the larger-size washer, which failed due to steel rod yielding. In a real-life scenario, a structural element such as a glulam beam is usually loaded to approximately 50% to 70% of its design capacity, considering a reasonable margin of safety. The study estimates a maximum possible bending moment utilization factor for the strongest connection configuration that ranged between 34% and 48% compared to the maximum moment resistance of a supported glulam beam spanning an average length of 4.0 m to 6.0 m (a common span length in framed timber buildings) and has a cross-section size same as the one utilized in this study. This utilization factor is quite large for a timber connection, and thus, confirms a considerable moment-resisting capability of the new configuration developed in this study. Full article
21 pages, 3336 KiB  
Article
Green Hydrogen Production at the Gigawatt Scale in Portugal: A Technical and Economic Evaluation
by Rui P. Borges, Flávia Franco, Fátima N. Serralha and Isabel Cabrita
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071638 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The European Union has committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and green hydrogen has been chosen as a priority vector for reaching that goal. Accordingly, Portugal has drafted a National Hydrogen Strategy laying out the various steps for the development of a [...] Read more.
The European Union has committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and green hydrogen has been chosen as a priority vector for reaching that goal. Accordingly, Portugal has drafted a National Hydrogen Strategy laying out the various steps for the development of a green hydrogen economy. One element of this strategy is the development of a gigawatt-scale hydrogen production facility powered by dedicated renewable electricity sources. This work presents an analysis of the technical and economic feasibility of a facility consisting of a gigawatt-scale polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser powered by solar photovoltaic and wind electricity, using the energy analysis model EnergyPLAN. Different capacities and modes of operation of the electrolyser are considered, including the complementary use of grid electricity as well as different combinations of renewable power, resulting in a total of 72 different configurations. An economic analysis is conducted addressing the related annualised capital expenditures, maintenance, and variable costs, to allow for the determination of the levelised cost of hydrogen for the different configurations. This analysis shows the conditions required for maximising annual hydrogen production at the lowest levelised cost of hydrogen. The best options consist of an electrolyser powered by a combination of solar photovoltaic and wind, with limited exchanges with the electricity grid, and a levelised cost of hydrogen in the range 3.13–3.48 EUR/kg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen in the Energy Transition: From Production to End-Use)
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15 pages, 1356 KiB  
Article
A Novel Two-Stage 3D-Printed Halbach Array-Based Device for Magneto-Mechanical Applications
by Antonios Makridis, Nikolaos Maniotis, Dimitrios Papadopoulos, Pavlos Kyriazopoulos and Makis Angelakeris
Magnetochemistry 2024, 10(4), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10040021 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This research unveils a versatile Halbach array magnetic device with promising biomedical applications, offering innovative solutions for targeted therapy and disease management in evolving biomedical engineering. This paper explores the potential of a novel Halbach array-based device for harnessing magneto-mechanical phenomena in biomedical [...] Read more.
This research unveils a versatile Halbach array magnetic device with promising biomedical applications, offering innovative solutions for targeted therapy and disease management in evolving biomedical engineering. This paper explores the potential of a novel Halbach array-based device for harnessing magneto-mechanical phenomena in biomedical applications. The study employs computational modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics to define the device’s magnetic properties and validate its operation within the theoretical prediction. The research catalogs the device’s operational modes and assesses crucial parameters related to magneto-mechanical biomedical modalities, including magnetic field strength, gradient, and force. Experimental validation of numerical findings through magnetic field measurements confirms the device’s multifaceted potential, particularly in targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Finally, the adaptability of the magnetic arrangements for various scenarios is also highlighted. This investigation provides valuable insights into integrating magneto-mechanical principles into biomedical engineering. It paves the way for further research and innovative approaches in theranostics, positioning the presented apparatus as a promising tool with untapped potential for future exploration and discovery in the evolving biomedical field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetism: Energy, Recycling, Novel Materials)
15 pages, 2891 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Sequencing and Variant Detection of SARS-CoV-2 across Southern California Wastewater
by Jason A. Rothman, Andrew Saghir, Amity G. Zimmer-Faust, Kylie Langlois, Kayla Raygoza, Joshua A. Steele, John F. Griffith and Katrine L. Whiteson
Appl. Microbiol. 2024, 4(2), 635-649; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol4020044 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is useful for detecting pathogen prevalence and may serve to effectively monitor diseases across broad scales. WBE has been used throughout the COVID-19 pandemic to track disease burden through quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA present in wastewater. Aside from case load estimation, [...] Read more.
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is useful for detecting pathogen prevalence and may serve to effectively monitor diseases across broad scales. WBE has been used throughout the COVID-19 pandemic to track disease burden through quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA present in wastewater. Aside from case load estimation, WBE is being used to assay viral genomic diversity and emerging potential SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we present a study in which we sequenced RNA extracted from sewage influent obtained from eight wastewater treatment plants representing 16 million people in Southern California from April 2020 to August 2021. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 with two methods: Illumina Respiratory Virus-Enriched metatranscriptomic sequencing (N = 269), and QIAseq SARS-CoV-2-tiled amplicon sequencing (N = 95). We classified SARS-CoV-2 reads into lineages and sublineages that approximated named variants and identified single nucleotide variants (SNVs), of which many are putatively novel SNVs and SNVs of unknown potential function and prevalence. Through our retrospective study, we also show that several SARS-CoV-2 sublineages were detected in wastewater before clinical detection, which may assist in the prediction of future variants of concern. Lastly, we show that sublineage diversity was similar across Southern California and that diversity changed over time, indicating that WBE is effective across megaregions. As the COVID-19 pandemic moves to new phases, and SARS-CoV-2 variants emerge, monitoring wastewater is important to understand local- and population-level dynamics of the virus. These results will aid in our ability to monitor the evolutionary potential of SARS-CoV-2 and help understand circulating SNVs to further combat COVID-19. Full article
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31 pages, 1235 KiB  
Review
Minerals and the Menstrual Cycle: Impacts on Ovulation and Endometrial Health
by Celine Kapper, Peter Oppelt, Clara Ganh?r, Ayberk Alp Gyunesh, Barbara Arbeithuber, Patrick Stelzl and Marlene Rezk-Füreder
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071008 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of [...] Read more.
The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of the reproductive system: hormonal regulation, ovarian function and ovulation, endometrial health, and oxidative stress. Despite the attention given to specific micronutrients in relation to reproductive disorders, there is a noticeable absence of a comprehensive review focusing on the impact of minerals throughout the menstrual cycle on female fertility. This narrative review aims to address this gap by examining the influence of minerals on reproductive health. Each mineral’s contribution is explored in detail to provide a clearer picture of its importance in supporting female fertility. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our knowledge of reproductive health but also offers clinicians valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies and the recommended intake of minerals to promote female reproductive well-being, considering the menstrual cycle. This review stands as the first to offer such a detailed examination of minerals in the context of the menstrual cycle, aiming to elevate the understanding of their critical role in female fertility and reproductive health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Gynecological Diseases)
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5 pages, 176 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial Catalysts: Catalysis for the Removal of Water Pollutants
by Antonio Eduardo Palomares
Catalysts 2024, 14(4), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14040229 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Water is an essential resource for society, and it is necessary to guarantee its supply and quality [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for the Removal of Water Pollutants)
23 pages, 1383 KiB  
Article
Dynamical Analysis of the Redshift Drift in FLRW Universes
by Francisco S. N. Lobo, José Pedro Mimoso, Jessica Santiago and Matt Visser
Universe 2024, 10(4), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10040162 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Redshift drift is the phenomenon whereby the observed redshift between an emitter and observer comoving with the Hubble flow in an expanding FLRW universe will slowly evolve—on a timescale comparable to the Hubble time. In a previous article, three of the current authors [...] Read more.
Redshift drift is the phenomenon whereby the observed redshift between an emitter and observer comoving with the Hubble flow in an expanding FLRW universe will slowly evolve—on a timescale comparable to the Hubble time. In a previous article, three of the current authors performed a cosmographic analysis of the redshift drift in an FLRW universe, temporarily putting aside the issue of dynamics (the Friedmann equations). In the current article, we add dynamics while still remaining within the framework of an exact FLRW universe. We developed a suitable generic matter model and applied it to both standard FLRW and various dark energy models. Furthermore, we present an analysis of the utility of alternative cosmographic variables to describe the redshift drift data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cosmology)
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28 pages, 2387 KiB  
Review
The Clinical Relevance of the EPH/Ephrin Signaling Pathway in Pediatric Solid and Hematologic Malignancies
by Elena Chatzikalil, Ioanna E. Stergiou, Stavros P. Papadakos, Ippokratis Konstantinidis and Stamatios Theocharis
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3834; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073834 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Pediatric neoplasms represent a complex group of malignancies that pose unique challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of the underlying molecular pathogenetic mechanisms. Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptors (EPHs), the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-tethered ligands, ephrins, orchestrate short-distance [...] Read more.
Pediatric neoplasms represent a complex group of malignancies that pose unique challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of the underlying molecular pathogenetic mechanisms. Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptors (EPHs), the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-tethered ligands, ephrins, orchestrate short-distance cell–cell signaling and are intricately involved in cell-pattern morphogenesis and various developmental processes. Unraveling the role of the EPH/ephrin signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of pediatric neoplasms and its clinical implications can contribute to deciphering the intricate landscape of these malignancies. The bidirectional nature of the EPH/ephrin axis is underscored by emerging evidence revealing its capacity to drive tumorigenesis, fostering cell–cell communication within the tumor microenvironment. In the context of carcinogenesis, the EPH/ephrin signaling pathway prompts a reevaluation of treatment strategies, particularly in pediatric oncology, where the modest progress in survival rates and enduring treatment toxicity necessitate novel approaches. Molecularly targeted agents have emerged as promising alternatives, prompting a shift in focus. Through a nuanced understanding of the pathway’s intricacies, we aim to lay the groundwork for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for young patients grappling with neoplastic challenges. Full article
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15 pages, 292 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Standardized Care Plans for People with Chronic Diseases in Primary Care Settings
by Glòria Reig-Garcia, David Cámara-Liebana, Rosa Su?er-Soler, Eva Pau-Perich, Miquel Sitjar-Su?er, Susana Mantas-Jiménez, Marta Roqueta-Vall-llosera and Maria del Carmen Malagón-Aguilera
Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(2), 801-815; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14020062 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Aging populations are driving a shift in emphasis toward enhancing chronic disease care, reflected in Catalonia’s regional plan which prioritizes standardized nursing care plans in primary care settings. To achieve this, the ARES-AP program was established with a focus on harmonizing standards [...] Read more.
Background: Aging populations are driving a shift in emphasis toward enhancing chronic disease care, reflected in Catalonia’s regional plan which prioritizes standardized nursing care plans in primary care settings. To achieve this, the ARES-AP program was established with a focus on harmonizing standards and supporting routine nursing clinical decision-making. This study evaluates nurses’ perceptions of ARES-AP’s standardized care plans for chronic diseases. Methods: A mixed-methods approach based on an ad hoc questionnaire (n = 141) and a focus group (n = 14) was used. Quantitative data were statistically analysed, setting significance at p < 0.05. Qualitative data were explored via content analysis. Results: ARES-AP training was assessed positively. The resources for motivational interviewing and care plans for the most prevalent chronic diseases were rated very positively. This study identified key factors influencing program implementation, including facilitators such as structured information and nursing autonomy, barriers such as resistance to change, motivators such as managerial support, and suggested improvements such as technological improvements and time management strategies. Conclusions: This study identifies areas for improvement in implementing standardized nursing care plans, including additional time, motivation, enhanced IT infrastructure, and collaboration among primary care professionals. It enhances understanding of these plans in primary care, especially in managing chronic diseases in aging populations. Further research should assess the program’s long-term impact on chronic patients. This study was not registered. Full article
17 pages, 5872 KiB  
Article
Ultrasonication Improves the Flotation of Coal Gasification Fine Slag Residue
by Yang Jiao, Zhijie Yang, Xing Han, Kaiyue Wang, Chenyang Fang, Zhiming Zhao and Wenhao Tang
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040363 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a significant source of solid waste requiring improved treatment methods. This study primarily investigates the mechanism of ultrasonic treatment in optimising flotation-based decarbonization of CGFS and its impact on CGFS modified with surfactants. The objective is to [...] Read more.
Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a significant source of solid waste requiring improved treatment methods. This study primarily investigates the mechanism of ultrasonic treatment in optimising flotation-based decarbonization of CGFS and its impact on CGFS modified with surfactants. The objective is to maximise the carbon ash separation effect to support the clean and efficient utilisation of CGFS. Flotation experiments revealed optimal conditions at an ultrasonication power of 180 W for 2 min and a slurry concentration of 60 g/L, resulting in a residual ash content of 82.59%. Particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunner−Emmet−Teller (BET) measurements demonstrate the efficacy of ultrasound in extracting inorganic minerals from the surface and pores of residual carbon, consequently reducing both pore and particle sizes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate alterations in the surface chemistry of CGFS induced by ultrasound treatment. The content of hydrophilic groups decreased from 31.64% to 29.88%, whereas the COO- group content decreased from 13.13% to 8.43%, consequently enhancing hydrophobicity. Adsorption experiments demonstrate an increase in surfactant adsorption capacity following ultrasonic treatment. Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment facilitates the desorption of surfactants previously adsorbed onto the surfaces of CGFS residue. Therefore, optimal flotation is obtained by applying ultrasonic pretreatment to CGFS before adding flotation chemicals. Upon the addition of Polysorbate (Tween-80), the residual ash content increased 90.17%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)
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19 pages, 729 KiB  
Article
Preparing Teachers to Re-Build Democratic Communities and Disappearing Middle Class to Reverse Global Inequality: A Typology Applying Bourdieusian ‘Taste’ and Dewey-Inspired Tools to Transform World Making
by Alison Taysum and Soheil Salha
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040364 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
‘Double structuring’ of objective economic wealth and subjective perception of wealth through language and culture produce a common world of divisions in the classroom from ‘bad taste’ to ‘good taste’. Teachers’ language and culture of instruction and ‘good taste’ perpetuate systemic injustice with [...] Read more.
‘Double structuring’ of objective economic wealth and subjective perception of wealth through language and culture produce a common world of divisions in the classroom from ‘bad taste’ to ‘good taste’. Teachers’ language and culture of instruction and ‘good taste’ perpetuate systemic injustice with unconscious bias. The tool ‘A Blueprint for Character Development for Evolution (ABCDE) offers five steps to prepare teachers to recognize bias and reverse it with a Typology Applying Bourdieusian ‘Taste’ for Making Worlds. A—Ask questions about instructional Language and Culture and Community Languages and Cultures; B—Critique Typology of Taste: C—Develop statistical models with measures to monitor and evaluate incremental progress towards synthesizing/unifying different classroom languages and cultures into one democratic language and culture whilst honouring each; D—Create evidence-informed, logical and ethical qualitative pathways to re-building a democratic community/disappearing middle class; E—Identify a principle of unity that reverses local inequality, and through powerful Higher Education networks, mainstream it to reverse global inequality. A Professional Educators and Administrators Committee for Empowerment (PEACE) offers a systemic multi-level communication infrastructure to enable feedback loops from communities to policy makers to measure inequality and report narrowing income and wealth gaps to reverse the sharpest increase between 2019 and 2020 in global inequality since World War II. Full article
21 pages, 1173 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Weight and Body Measurement Model for Pigs Based on Back Point Cloud Data
by Yao Liu, Jie Zhou, Yifan Bian, Taishan Wang, Hongxiang Xue and Longshen Liu
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071046 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Pig farming is a crucial sector in global animal husbandry. The weight and body dimension data of pigs reflect their growth and development status, serving as vital metrics for assessing their progress. Presently, pig weight and body dimensions are predominantly measured manually, which [...] Read more.
Pig farming is a crucial sector in global animal husbandry. The weight and body dimension data of pigs reflect their growth and development status, serving as vital metrics for assessing their progress. Presently, pig weight and body dimensions are predominantly measured manually, which poses challenges such as difficulties in herding, stress responses in pigs, and the control of zoonotic diseases. To address these issues, this study proposes a non-contact weight estimation and body measurement model based on point cloud data from pig backs. A depth camera was installed above a weighbridge to acquire 3D point cloud data from 258 Yorkshire–Landrace crossbred sows. We selected 200 Yorkshire–Landrace sows as the research subjects and applied point cloud filtering and denoising techniques to their three-dimensional point cloud data. Subsequently, a K-means clustering segmentation algorithm was employed to extract the point cloud corresponding to the pigs’ backs. A convolutional neural network with a multi-head attention was established for pig weight prediction and added RGB information as an additional feature. During the data processing process, we also measured the back body size information of the pigs. During the model evaluation, 58 Yorkshire–Landrace sows were specifically selected for experimental assessment. Compared to manual measurements, the weight estimation exhibited an average absolute error of 11.552 kg, average relative error of 4.812%, and root mean square error of 11.181 kg. Specifically, for the MACNN, incorporating RGB information as an additional feature resulted in a decrease of 2.469 kg in the RMSE, a decrease of 0.8% in the MAPE, and a decrease of 1.032 kg in the MAE. Measurements of shoulder width, abdominal width, and hip width yielded corresponding average relative errors of 3.144%, 3.798%, and 3.820%. In conclusion, a convolutional neural network with a multi-head attention was established for pig weight prediction, and incorporating RGB information as an additional feature method demonstrated accuracy and reliability for weight estimation and body dimension measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)
24 pages, 935 KiB  
Article
Transition Paths of Brazil from an Agricultural Economy to a Regional Powerhouse: A Global Supply Chain Perspective
by Fernando Coelho Martins Ferreira, Cristiane Biazzin and Paul C. Hong
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072872 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study examines Brazil’s evolution from a primarily agricultural economy to a pivotal player within global supply chains, contesting the traditional view of emerging markets as mere suppliers of raw materials and labor. It closely examines Brazil’s assertive efforts and the obstacles it [...] Read more.
This study examines Brazil’s evolution from a primarily agricultural economy to a pivotal player within global supply chains, contesting the traditional view of emerging markets as mere suppliers of raw materials and labor. It closely examines Brazil’s assertive efforts and the obstacles it encounters, focusing on its role within the context of Latin America. Utilizing macroeconomic data, the research reveals the barriers to Brazil’s deeper integration into global supply chains and outlines novel strategies to enhance its global position. The findings highlight Brazil’s capacity to significantly influence and advance the global economic framework, emphasizing its vital role in redefining the narrative on global supply chain engagement from a Latin American perspective. Full article

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