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17 pages, 4844 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Free Convection in Micropolar Fluids over a Permeable Shrinking Sheet with Slip Boundary Conditions
by Param R. Tangsali, Nagaraj N. Katagi, Ashwini Bhat and Manjunath Shettar
Symmetry 2024, 16(4), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040400 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The convective micropolar fluid flow over a permeable shrinking sheet in the presence of a heat source and thermal radiation with the magnetic field directed towards the sheet has been studied in this paper. The mathematical formulation considers the partial slip condition at [...] Read more.
The convective micropolar fluid flow over a permeable shrinking sheet in the presence of a heat source and thermal radiation with the magnetic field directed towards the sheet has been studied in this paper. The mathematical formulation considers the partial slip condition at the sheet, allowing a realistic representation of the fluid flow near the boundary. The governing equations for the flow, heat, and mass transfer are formulated using the conservation laws of mass, momentum, angular momentum, energy, and concentration. The resulting nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. The numerical solutions are obtained using robust computational techniques to examine the influence of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The impact of slip effects, micropolar fluid characteristics, and permeability parameters on the flow features and heat transfer rates are thoroughly analyzed. The findings of this investigation offer valuable insights into the behavior of micropolar fluids in free convection flows over permeable shrinking sheets with slip, providing a foundation for potential applications in various industrial and engineering processes. Key findings include the observation that the velocity profile overshoots for assisting flow with decreasing viscous force and rising magnetic effects as opposed to opposing flow. The thermal boundary layer thickness decreases due to buoyant force but shows increasing behavior with heat source parameters. The present result agrees with the earlier findings for specific parameter values in particular cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
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22 pages, 4491 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Financial Viability and Sustainability of Circular Business Models in the Wine Industry: A Comparative Analysis to Traditional Linear Business Model—Case of Georgia
by Vakhtang Chkareuli, Gvantsa Darguashvili, Dzintra Atstaja and Rozita Susniene
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2877; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072877 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In the contemporary global context, waste management and the judicious utilization of resources have emerged as pressing concerns. Consequently, the concept of a circular business model has gained prominence as a viable solution. This innovative model reframes waste not as a disposable byproduct [...] Read more.
In the contemporary global context, waste management and the judicious utilization of resources have emerged as pressing concerns. Consequently, the concept of a circular business model has gained prominence as a viable solution. This innovative model reframes waste not as a disposable byproduct but as an opportunity to generate new value, setting it apart from the conventional linear business model, particularly in financial, economic, and operational dimensions. Numerous industries grapple with the issue of excessive waste generation, among them the wine industry, notable for its substantial water and grape waste outputs. This predicament holds significant ramifications both on a global scale and within the specific context of Georgia. Yet, it also presents an innovative avenue for waste recycling. This study draws upon a comprehensive review of internationally recognized literature, noted for their scholarly significance and citation prevalence. In its practical segment, two distinct investment projects have been meticulously developed which seek to evaluate the financial viability of the circular business model in contrast to the conventional linear business model. The investment projects considered are as follows: 1. Under the framework of a linear business model, the company exclusively engages in the production and sale of wine. 2. Within the circular business model paradigm, the company not only produces wine but also harnesses waste processing to yield grape seed oil, which is subsequently marketed alongside wine bottles. Both models undergo rigorous scrutiny, employing a comprehensive analysis of key financial indicators essential for assessing project profitability and efficiency. The outcomes of this investigation reveal that, under identical capital investment conditions, the circular business model surpasses the linear model in terms of profitability. This underscores the potential for sustainable practices within the wine industry and the broader business landscape. Full article
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14 pages, 2471 KiB  
Article
Detection of Hardening in Mangosteens Using Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging
by Saranya Workhwa, Thitirat Khanthong, Napatsorn Manmak, Anthony Keith Thompson and Sontisuk Teerachaichayut
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040345 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Mangosteens can develop a postharvest physiological disorder, called “hardening”, which affects their marketability and is not detectable using visual inspection. The hardening disorder of mangosteens was determined by firmness value using the texture analyzer. Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) in the region of 935–1720 [...] Read more.
Mangosteens can develop a postharvest physiological disorder, called “hardening”, which affects their marketability and is not detectable using visual inspection. The hardening disorder of mangosteens was determined by firmness value using the texture analyzer. Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) in the region of 935–1720 nm was tested as a possible rapid and non-destructive method to detect this disorder. The spectra from a region of interest of mangosteens were acquired and used for analysis. Calibration models for firmness of a similarly sized group and a mixed-size group were established using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine regression (SVMR). Chemometric algorithms were investigated in order to determine the optimal conditions for establishing the models for firmness. The optimum model was obtained when the fruit were graded into similarly sized groups. Using partial least squares regression (PLSR), the correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp) was 0.87 and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 6.25 N. The predictive images for firmness of the fruit were created by interpreting predicted firmness visualized as colors in every pixel. From the data, it was concluded that NIR-HSI can potentially be used to visualize hardening of individual mangosteens based on their predictive images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)
21 pages, 2874 KiB  
Article
Comparative Assessment of Lignan Profiling and Biological Activities of Schisandra henryi Leaf and In Vitro PlantForm Bioreactor-Grown Culture Extracts
by Karolina Jafernik, Pawe? Kubica, Micha? Dziurka, ?ukasz Kulinowski, Izabela Korona-G?owniak, Hosam O. Elansary, Piotr Waligórski, Krystyna Skalicka-Wo?niak and Agnieszka Szopa
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(4), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040442 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This research’s scope encompassed biotechnological, phytochemical, and biological studies of Schisandra henryi, including investigations into its in vitro microshoot culture grown in PlantForm bioreactors (temporary immersion systems, TISs), as well as extracts from leaves of the parent plant, focusing on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, [...] Read more.
This research’s scope encompassed biotechnological, phytochemical, and biological studies of Schisandra henryi, including investigations into its in vitro microshoot culture grown in PlantForm bioreactors (temporary immersion systems, TISs), as well as extracts from leaves of the parent plant, focusing on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical analysis included the isolation and quantification of 17 compounds from dibenzocyclooctadiene, aryltetralin lignans, and neolignans using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), HPLC-DAD, and UHPLC-MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole mass filter methods. Higher contents of compounds were found in microshoots extracts (max. 543.99 mg/100 g DW). The major compound was schisantherin B both in the extracts from microshoots and the leaves (390.16 and 361.24 mg/100 g DW, respectively). The results of the anti-inflammatory activity in terms of the inhibition of COX-1, COX-2, sPLA2, and LOX-15 enzymes indicated that PlantForm microshoot extracts showed strong activity against COX-1 and COX-2 (for 177 mg/mL the inhibition percentage was 76% and 66%, respectively). The antioxidant potential assessed using FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays showed that extracts from microshoot cultures had 5.6, 3.8, and 3.3 times higher power compared to extracts from the leaves of the parent plant, respectively. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was 4.1 times higher in extracts from the in vitro culture compared to the leaves. The antiproliferative activity against T-cell lymphoblast line Jurkat, breast adenocarcinoma cultures (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), showed that both extracts have considerable effects on the tested cell lines. The antimicrobial activity tested against strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi showed the highest activity towards H. pylori (MIC and MBC 0.625 mg/mL). Full article
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11 pages, 1942 KiB  
Article
Indoor Radon Surveying and Mitigation in the Case-Study of Celleno Town (Central Italy) Located in a Medium Geogenic Radon Potential Area
by Manuela Portaro, Ilaria Rocchetti, Paola Tuccimei, Gianfranco Galli, Michele Soligo, Giancarlo Ciotoli, Cristina Longoni, Dino Vasquez and Federica Sola
Atmosphere 2024, 15(4), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040425 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Indoor radon surveying and remediation were implemented in a single-family home affected by high levels of indoor radon in the Celleno municipality (central Italy) with the aim of identifying the contribution of radon sources, evaluating the factors affecting radon entry into the building, [...] Read more.
Indoor radon surveying and remediation were implemented in a single-family home affected by high levels of indoor radon in the Celleno municipality (central Italy) with the aim of identifying the contribution of radon sources, evaluating the factors affecting radon entry into the building, and reducing radon risk. Average radon levels were relatively low at the ground floor (286 ± 202 Bq m−3) and first floor (167 ± 84 Bq m−3) in autumn when the temperature was still warm and the windows were open, but increased up to 2776 ± 1768 Bq m−3 and 970 ± 202 Bq m−3 in the first half of December, when the heating system was on and the windows were closed. The inner walls of the pilot room at the ground floor, semi buried on one side, were then treated with a waterproof product (a silane terminated polymer) and the average radon was halved (1475 ± 1092 Bq m−3) in the following month, which was still characterised by winter conditions. Radon entry in the room was identified and sealed with the same product, and a radon accumulation space behind a NE-SW oriented wall was naturally ventilated, reducing radon below the reference level in April with northerly winds conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Air Pollution Exposure and Health Risk Assessment)
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13 pages, 1058 KiB  
Article
Uptake of Thallium(I) by Rice Seedlings Grown in Different Soils: Key Soil Properties Determining Soil Thallium Availability
by Liang-Sin Huang, Puu-Tai Yang, Yu-An Lu, Wei-Lin Liu, Tsung-Ju Chuang and Shan-Li Wang
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040718 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the uptake of thallium (Tl) by rice seedlings grown in different soils with varying physiochemical properties and Tl levels to elucidate the key factors governing soil Tl availability and accumulation in rice plants. The bioconcentration factors of Tl in rice [...] Read more.
This study investigated the uptake of thallium (Tl) by rice seedlings grown in different soils with varying physiochemical properties and Tl levels to elucidate the key factors governing soil Tl availability and accumulation in rice plants. The bioconcentration factors of Tl in rice roots (2.5–25.6) and shoots (1.5–14.7) indicated high soil Tl availability and efficient uptake and translocation of Tl in rice plants, with significant variations across soil types. Growth suppression and visual toxic symptoms, such as stem buckling, yellowish leaf tips, and withering leaf edges, occurred at low soil Tl levels due to high Tl toxicity. The accumulation of Tl by rice plants was influenced by both soil and plant-related factors. Cation exchange reactions primarily influenced the concentration of Tl in soil solution, with potassium ions (K+) acting as competitors for cation exchange sites with Tl+ ions and effective inhibitors of Tl uptake by rice plants. Increasing soil K content may mitigate soil Tl availability in contaminated soils by reducing soil Tl(I) adsorption and plant uptake. This study elucidates the key mechanisms governing soil Tl bioavailability and highlights potential management strategies to reduce Tl accumulation in crops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation in Sustainable Agriculture)
15 pages, 3155 KiB  
Article
A Metabolomics Study of the Effects of Eleutheroside B on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in a Zebrafish Diabetes Model
by Xuelian Dong, Qiang Chen, Wenyan Chi, Zhidong Qiu and Ye Qiu
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071545 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: Diabetes is a common metabolic disease that seriously endangers human health. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of the active ingredient Eleutheroside B (EB) from the traditional Chinese medicine Eleutheroside on diabetes mellitus in a zebrafish model. Concomitant [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Diabetes is a common metabolic disease that seriously endangers human health. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of the active ingredient Eleutheroside B (EB) from the traditional Chinese medicine Eleutheroside on diabetes mellitus in a zebrafish model. Concomitant hepatic injury was also analysed, along with the study of possible molecular mechanisms using metabolomics technology. This work should provide some theoretical references for future experimental studies. (2) Methods: A zebrafish diabetes model was constructed by soaking in a 1.75% glucose solution and feeding a high-fat diet. The intervention drug groups were metformin (100 μg∙mL−1) and EB (50, 100, and 150 μg∙mL−1) via water-soluble exposure for 30 days. Glucose, TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C were evaluated in different treatment groups. GLUT4 protein expression was also evaluated in each group, and liver injury was observed by HE staining. Metabolomics techniques were used to investigate the mechanism by which EB regulates endogenous markers and metabolic pathways during the development of diabetes. (3) Results: All EB treatment groups in diabetic zebrafish showed significantly reduced body mass index (BMI) and improved blood glucose and lipid profiles. EB was found to upregulate GLUT4 protein expression and ameliorate the liver injury caused by diabetes. Metabolomics studies showed that EB causes changes in the metabolic profile of diabetic zebrafish. These were related to the regulation of purine metabolism, cytochrome P450, caffeine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, the mTOR signalling pathway, insulin resistance, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. (4) Conclusions: EB has a hypoglycaemic effect in diabetic zebrafish as well as significantly improving disorders of glycolipid metabolism. The mechanism of action of EB may involve regulation of the mTOR signalling pathway, purine metabolism, caffeine metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
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14 pages, 6213 KiB  
Article
Comparative Metabolomic Profiling of L-Histidine and NEFA Treatments in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
by Wenqiang Sun, Mengze Li, Hanjun Ren, Yang Chen, Wei Zeng, Xiong Tan, Xianbo Jia, Shiyi Chen, Jie Wang and Songjia Lai
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071045 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are pivotal in energy metabolism, yet high concentrations can lead to ketosis, a common metabolic disorder in cattle. Our laboratory observed lower levels of L-histidine in cattle suffering from ketosis, indicating a potential interaction between L-histidine and NEFA metabolism. [...] Read more.
Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are pivotal in energy metabolism, yet high concentrations can lead to ketosis, a common metabolic disorder in cattle. Our laboratory observed lower levels of L-histidine in cattle suffering from ketosis, indicating a potential interaction between L-histidine and NEFA metabolism. This relationship prompted us to investigate the metabolomic alterations in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) induced by elevated NEFA levels and to explore L-histidine’s potential mitigating effects. Our untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed 893 and 160 metabolite changes in positive and negative models, respectively, with VIP scores greater than 1 and p-values below 0.05. Notable metabolites like 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid were upregulated, while 9-Ethylguanine was downregulated. A pathway analysis suggested disruptions in fatty acid and steroid biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, L-histidine treatment altered 61 metabolites in the positive model and 34 in the negative model, with implications for similar pathways affected by NEFA. Overlaying differential metabolites from both conditions uncovered a potential key mediator, 1-Linoleoylglycerophosphocholine, which was regulated in opposite directions by NEFA and L-histidine. Our study uncovered that both NEFA L- and histidine metabolomics analyses pinpoint similar lipid biosynthesis pathways, with 1-Linoleoylglycerophosphocholine emerging as a potential key metabolite mediating their interaction, a discovery that may offer insights for therapeutic strategies in metabolic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
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21 pages, 2756 KiB  
Article
Advancing Sustainable COVID-19 Diagnosis: Integrating Artificial Intelligence with Bioinformatics in Chest X-ray Analysis
by Hassen Louati, Ali Louati, Rahma Lahyani, Elham Kariri and Abdullah Albanyan
Information 2024, 15(4), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/info15040189 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Responding to the critical health crisis triggered by respiratory illnesses, notably COVID-19, this study introduces an innovative and resource-conscious methodology for analyzing chest X-ray images. We unveil a cutting-edge technique that marries neural architecture search (NAS) with genetic algorithms (GA), aiming to refine [...] Read more.
Responding to the critical health crisis triggered by respiratory illnesses, notably COVID-19, this study introduces an innovative and resource-conscious methodology for analyzing chest X-ray images. We unveil a cutting-edge technique that marries neural architecture search (NAS) with genetic algorithms (GA), aiming to refine the architecture of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in a way that diminishes the usual demand for computational power. Leveraging transfer learning (TL), our approach efficiently navigates the hurdles posed by scarce data, optimizing both time and hardware utilization—a cornerstone for sustainable AI initiatives. The investigation leverages a curated dataset of 1184 COVID-positive and 1319 COVID-negative chest X-ray images, serving as the basis for model training, evaluation, and validation. Our methodology not only boosts the precision in diagnosing COVID-19 but also establishes a pioneering standard in the realm of eco-friendly and effective healthcare technologies. Through comprehensive comparative analyses against leading-edge models, our optimized solutions exhibit significant performance enhancements alongside a minimized ecological impact. This contribution marks a significant stride towards eco-sustainable medical imaging, presenting a paradigm that prioritizes environmental stewardship while adeptly addressing modern healthcare exigencies. We compare our approach to state-of-the-art architectures through multiple comparative studies. Full article
11 pages, 342 KiB  
Article
Epidemiological Characterization of Respiratory Pathogens Using the Multiplex PCR FilmArray™ Respiratory Panel
by Young Jun Hong, Bo Kyeung Jung and Jae Kyung Kim
Diagnostics 2024, 14(7), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070734 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Various pathogens can cause upper respiratory tract infections, presenting challenges in accurate diagnosis due to similar symptomatology. Therefore, rapid and precise diagnostic tests are crucial for effective treatment planning. Traditional culture-based methods for diagnosis are limited by their reliance on skilled personnel and [...] Read more.
Various pathogens can cause upper respiratory tract infections, presenting challenges in accurate diagnosis due to similar symptomatology. Therefore, rapid and precise diagnostic tests are crucial for effective treatment planning. Traditional culture-based methods for diagnosis are limited by their reliance on skilled personnel and lengthy processing times. In contrast, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques offer enhanced accuracy and speed in identifying respiratory pathogens. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of the FilmArray™ Respiratory Panel (RP), a multiplex PCR test capable of simultaneously screening 20 pathogens. This retrospective analysis was conducted at Dankook University Hospital, South Korea, between January 2018 and December 2022. Samples from patients with upper respiratory tract infections were analyzed. Results revealed adenovirus as the most prevalent pathogen (18.9%), followed by influenza virus A (16.5%), among others. Notably, a 22.5% co-infection rate was observed. The FilmArray™ RP method successfully identified 20 pathogens within 2 h, facilitating prompt treatment decisions and mitigating unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. This study underscores the utility of multiplex PCR in respiratory pathogen identification, offering valuable insights for epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease)
16 pages, 6964 KiB  
Article
Study on the Hydrodynamic Evolution Mechanism and Drift Flow Patterns of Pipeline Gas–Liquid Flow
by Qing Yan, Donghui Li, Kefu Wang and Gaoan Zheng
Processes 2024, 12(4), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040695 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The hydrodynamic characteristic of the multiphase mixed-transport pipeline is essential to guarantee safe and sustainable oil–gas transport when extracting offshore oil and gas resources. The gas–liquid two-phase transport phenomena lead to unstable flow, which significantly impacts pipeline deformation and can cause damage to [...] Read more.
The hydrodynamic characteristic of the multiphase mixed-transport pipeline is essential to guarantee safe and sustainable oil–gas transport when extracting offshore oil and gas resources. The gas–liquid two-phase transport phenomena lead to unstable flow, which significantly impacts pipeline deformation and can cause damage to the pipeline system. The formation mechanism of the mixed-transport pipeline slug flow faces significant challenges. This paper studies the formation mechanism of two-phase slug flows in mixed-transport pipelines with multiple inlet structures. A VOF-based gas–liquid slug flow mechanical model with multiple inlets is set up. With the volumetric force source term modifying strategy, the formation mechanism and flow patterns of slug flows are obtained. The research results show that the presented strategy and optimization design method can effectively simulate the formation and evolution trends of gas–liquid slug flows. Due to the convective shock process in the eight branch pipes, a bias flow phenomenon exists in the initial state and causes flow patterns to be unsteady. The gas–liquid mixture becomes relatively uniform after the flow field stabilizes. The design of the bent pipe structure results in an unbalanced flow velocity distribution and turbulence viscosity on both sides, presenting a banded distribution characteristic. The bend structure can reduce the bias phenomenon and improve sustainable transport stability. These findings provide theoretical guidance for fluid dynamics research in offshore oil and gas and chemical processes, and also offer technical support for mixed-transport pipeline sustainability transport and optimization design of channel structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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14 pages, 524 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Genomic Prediction Accuracy for Body Conformation Traits in Korean Holstein Cattle
by Jungjae Lee, Hyosik Mun, Yangmo Koo, Sangchul Park, Junsoo Kim, Seongpil Yu, Jiseob Shin, Jaegu Lee, Jihyun Son, Chanhyuk Park, Seokhyun Lee, Hyungjun Song, Sungjin Kim, Changgwon Dang and Jun Park
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071052 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The Holstein breed is the mainstay of dairy production in Korea. In this study, we evaluated the genomic prediction accuracy for body conformation traits in Korean Holstein cattle, using a range of π levels (0.75, 0.90, 0.99, and 0.995) in Bayesian methods (BayesB [...] Read more.
The Holstein breed is the mainstay of dairy production in Korea. In this study, we evaluated the genomic prediction accuracy for body conformation traits in Korean Holstein cattle, using a range of π levels (0.75, 0.90, 0.99, and 0.995) in Bayesian methods (BayesB and BayesC). Focusing on 24 traits, we analyzed the impact of different π levels on prediction accuracy. We observed a general increase in accuracy at higher levels for specific traits, with variations depending on the Bayesian method applied. Notably, the highest accuracy was achieved for rear teat angle when using deregressed estimated breeding values including parent average as a response variable. We further demonstrated that incorporating parent average into deregressed estimated breeding values enhances genomic prediction accuracy, showcasing the effectiveness of the model in integrating both offspring and parental genetic information. Additionally, we identified 18 significant window regions through genome-wide association studies, which are crucial for future fine mapping and discovery of causal mutations. These findings provide valuable insights into the efficiency of genomic selection for body conformation traits in Korean Holstein cattle and highlight the potential for advancements in the prediction accuracy using larger datasets and more sophisticated genomic models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
18 pages, 1776 KiB  
Article
Novel Synergistic Probiotic Intervention: Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Ameliorative Effects on Immunity, Gut Barrier, and Metabolism of Mice during Salmonella typhimurium Infection
by Muhammad Junaid, Hongyu Lu, Yixiang Li, Yu Liu, Ahmad Ud Din, Zhongquan Qi, Yi Xiong and Jianhua Yan
Genes 2024, 15(4), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15040435 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), a prevalent cause of foodborne infection, induces significant changes in the host transcriptome and metabolome. The lack of therapeutics with minimal or no side effects prompts the scientific community to explore alternative therapies. This study investigates the therapeutic [...] Read more.
Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), a prevalent cause of foodborne infection, induces significant changes in the host transcriptome and metabolome. The lack of therapeutics with minimal or no side effects prompts the scientific community to explore alternative therapies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a probiotic mixture comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus 1.3251) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum 9513) against S. typhimurium, utilizing transcriptome and metabolomic analyses, a novel approach that has not been previously documented. Twenty-four SPF-BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control negative group (CNG); positive control group (CPG); probiotic-supplemented non-challenged group (LAPG); and probiotic-supplemented Salmonella-challenged group (LAPST). An RNA-sequencing analysis of small intestinal (ileum) tissue revealed 2907 upregulated and 394 downregulated DEGs in the LAPST vs. CPG group. A functional analysis of DEGs highlighted their significantly altered gene ontology (GO) terms related to metabolism, gut integrity, cellular development, and immunity (p ≤ 0.05). The KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LAPST group were primarily involved in pathways related to gut integrity, immunity, and metabolism, such as MAPK, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, the tryptophan metabolism, the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, ECM–receptor interaction, and others. Additionally, the fecal metabolic analysis identified 1215 upregulated and 305 downregulated metabolites in the LAPST vs. CPG group, implying their involvement in KEGG pathways including bile secretion, propanoate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein digestion and absorption, which are vital for maintaining barrier integrity, immunity, and metabolism. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the administration of a probiotic mixture improves immunity, maintains gut homeostasis and barrier integrity, and enhances metabolism in Salmonella infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Genetics and Genomics)
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13 pages, 1330 KiB  
Article
Epidemiological Insights into Feline Leukemia Virus Infections in an Urban Cat (Felis catus) Population from Brazil
by Laura Pancich Diesel, Lauren Santos de Mello, Weslei de Oliveira Santana, Nilo Ikuta, André Salvador Kazantzi Fonseca, Diéssy Kipper, Raquel Redaelli, Vagner Reinaldo Zingali Bueno Pereira, André Felipe Streck and Vagner Ricardo Lunge
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071051 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus distributed worldwide in domestic cats and with different outcomes (progressive, regressive, abortive, focal). The present study reports an epidemiological survey of FeLV frequency and the evaluation of some risk factors and the two main disease outcomes [...] Read more.
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus distributed worldwide in domestic cats and with different outcomes (progressive, regressive, abortive, focal). The present study reports an epidemiological survey of FeLV frequency and the evaluation of some risk factors and the two main disease outcomes (progressive and regressive) in an urban cat population from Brazil. A total of 366 cats with sociodemographic information and p27 FeLV antigen test performed were included in the study. FeLV DNA (provirus) in the blood samples of all cats was detected via real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Plasma samples from 109 FeLV-positive and FeLV-negative cats were also submitted to reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) to determine the FeLV viral load. The results demonstrated that 112 (30.6%) cats were positive through the p27 antigen and/or qPCR. A risk factor analysis demonstrated that cats without vaccination against FeLV (OR 9.9, p < 0.001), clinically ill (OR 2.9, p < 0.001), with outdoors access (OR 2.7, p < 0.001), and exhibiting apathetic behavior (OR 3.1, p < 0.001) were more likely to be infected with FeLV. FeLV-infected cats were also more likely to present with anemia (OR 13, p < 0.001) and lymphoma (OR 13.7, p = 0.001). A comparative analysis of the different detection methods in a subset of 109 animals confirmed FeLV infection in 58 cats, including 38 (65.5%) with progressive, 16 (27.6%) with regressive, and 4 (6.9%) with probably focal outcome diseases. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a high prevalence of FeLV in this urban cat population from Brazil and highlights the need to establish more effective prevention strategies (such as viral testing, vaccination programs, specific care for FeLV-positive cats) to reduce diseases associated with this virus in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
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15 pages, 968 KiB  
Article
Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance Mediates the Positive Association of Triglycerides with Diabetes
by Yutang Wang, Yan Fang and Michal Vrablik
Diagnostics 2024, 14(7), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070733 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Elevated circulating triglyceride levels have been linked to an increased risk of diabetes, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) for insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein (CRP) served as mediators [...] Read more.
Elevated circulating triglyceride levels have been linked to an increased risk of diabetes, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) for insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein (CRP) served as mediators in this association across a sample of 18,435 US adults. Mediation analysis was conducted using the PROCESS Version 4.3 Macro for SPSS. Simple mediation analysis revealed that all three potential mediators played a role in mediating the association. However, in parallel mediation analysis, where all three mediators were simultaneously included, HOMA for insulin resistance remained a significant mediator (indirect effect coefficient, 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43–0.52; p < 0.05) after adjusting for all tested confounding factors. Conversely, LDL cholesterol (indirect effect coefficient, −0.13; 95% CI, −0.31–0.05; p > 0.05) and C-reactive protein (indirect effect coefficient, 0.01; 95% CI, −0.003–0.02; p > 0.05) ceased to be significant mediators. HOMA for insulin resistance accounted for 49% of the association between triglycerides and diabetes. In conclusion, HOMA for insulin resistance was the dominant mediator underlying the association between triglycerides and diabetes. Therefore, reducing triglyceride levels may hold promise for improving insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. Full article
13 pages, 692 KiB  
Review
Models Used by Nurse Case Managers in Different Autonomous Communities in Spain: A Scoping Review
by Paula Villarreal-Granda, Amada Recio-Platero, Yara Martín-Bayo, Carlos Durantez-Fernández, Rosa M. Cárdaba-García, Lucía Pérez-Pérez, Miguel Madrigal, Alba Mu?oz-del Caz, Elena Olea, Esther Bahillo Ruiz, Lourdes Jiménez-Navascués and Veronica Velasco-Gonzalez
Healthcare 2024, 12(7), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070749 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: The role of the nurse case manager is unknown to the population. The main objective is to analyze the existing differences within the national territory in order to make known the situation in Spain with a view to the recognition of [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The role of the nurse case manager is unknown to the population. The main objective is to analyze the existing differences within the national territory in order to make known the situation in Spain with a view to the recognition of its functions and the creation of the professional profile in an equal manner. (2) Methods: A scoping review was conducted in order to achieve the main aim. Selected articles were subjected to a critical reading, and the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation of the Joanna Briggs Institute were verified. The search field was limited to the last ten years. (3) Results: Case management models are heterogeneous in different autonomous communities in Spain. Case nurse management is qualified for high-complexity patients, follow up on chronic patients, and coordinate health assistance. (4) Conclusions: It concludes that nursing’s role is crucial in the field of case management, being required in the follow-up of chronic patients of high complexity. Despite the proven health benefits, efficacy, and efficiency of case management, there are many heterogeneous models that coexist in Spain. This involves a restriction in the development of a nursing career because of the lack of a definition of its functions and competences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nursing Competencies: New Advances in Nursing Care)
21 pages, 2767 KiB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Financial Impact of 30-Day Readmissions for Selected Medical Conditions: A Focus on Hospital Quality Performance
by Iwimbong Kum Ghabowen, Josue Patien Epane, Jay J. Shen, Xan Goodman, Zo Ramamonjiarivelo and Ferhat Devrim Zengul
Healthcare 2024, 12(7), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070750 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) established the Hospital Quality Initiative in 2010 to enhance patient safety, reduce hospital readmissions, improve quality, and minimize healthcare costs. In response, this study aims to systematically review the literature and conduct a meta-analysis [...] Read more.
Background: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) established the Hospital Quality Initiative in 2010 to enhance patient safety, reduce hospital readmissions, improve quality, and minimize healthcare costs. In response, this study aims to systematically review the literature and conduct a meta-analysis to estimate the average cost of procedure-specific 30-day risk-standardized unplanned readmissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Heart Failure (HF), Pneumonia, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), and Total Hip Arthroplasty and/or Total Knee Arthroplasty (THA/TKA). Methods: Eligibility Criteria: This study included English language original research papers from the USA, encompassing various study designs. Exclusion criteria comprise studies lacking empirical evidence on hospital financial performance. Information Sources: A comprehensive search using relevant keywords was conducted across databases from January 1990 to December 2019 (updated in March 2021), covering peer-reviewed articles and gray literature. Risk of Bias: Bias in the included studies was assessed considering study design, adjustment for confounding factors, and potential effect modifiers. Synthesis of Results: The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Employing Monte Carlo simulations, a meta-analysis was conducted with 100,000 simulated samples. Results indicated mean 30-day readmission costs: USD 16,037.08 (95% CI, USD 15,196.01–16,870.06) overall, USD 6852.97 (95% CI, USD 6684.44–7021.08) for AMI, USD 9817.42 (95% CI, USD 9575.82–10,060.43) for HF, and USD 21,346.50 (95% CI, USD 20,818.14–21,871.85) for THA/TKA. Discussion: Despite the financial challenges that hospitals face due to the ACA and the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program, this meta-analysis contributes valuable insights into the consistent cost trends associated with 30-day readmissions. Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide comprehensive insights into the financial implications of 30-day readmissions for specific medical conditions, enhancing our understanding of the nexus between healthcare quality and financial performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Assessments)
10 pages, 436 KiB  
Article
Burden of Mental Health among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Cross-Sectional Study from a Tertiary IBD Center in Hungary
by Livia Lontai, Lívia Priyanka Elek, Fruzsina Balogh, Dorottya Angyal, Péter Pajkossy, Lorant Gonczi, Peter L. Lakatos and ?kos Iliás
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 2002; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072002 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic conditions that negatively affect the patient’s quality of life. With the spread of the biopsychosocial model, the role of mental health in the activity and course of inflammatory bowel disease is becoming more and more recognized. [...] Read more.
Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic conditions that negatively affect the patient’s quality of life. With the spread of the biopsychosocial model, the role of mental health in the activity and course of inflammatory bowel disease is becoming more and more recognized. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in IBD patients in our tertiary referral center and determine the predictive factors of these mental conditions. Methods: A total of 117 patients were included consecutively between 1 December 2021 and 28 February 2022. We used a questionnaire to gather demographic information, disease course, and IBD-specific symptoms. We assessed anxiety symptoms using the GAD-7 and depressive complaints using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. We evaluated disease activity using CDAI and pMayo scores. Results: Of the 117 patients (male/female: 63/54), 88 suffered from Crohn’s disease, and 29 were diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. Only 6 patients were taking medication for mood disorders, and 38 individuals sought mental support during their lifetime. A total of 15% of the population suffered from moderate–severe anxiety disorder, and 22% were affected by moderate–severe depression. The GAD-7 and PHQ9 values showed a significant correlation between the number of stools, bloody stools, abdominal pain, number of flare-ups, and CDAI scores. Conclusions: Our study confirmed that there is a high incidence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among IBD patients. Our results highlighted the symptoms that could be associated with mental disorders. It is important to assess the mental status of IBD patients to improve their quality of life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeted Treatment in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD))
14 pages, 652 KiB  
Review
Sustainable Finance and ESG Importance: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda
by Georgios Zairis, Panagiotis Liargovas and Nikolaos Apostolopoulos
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072878 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Over the last decade, sustainable finance has appeared to be capturing a high level of interest as a crucial pillar of sustainable development. The process of taking environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into account when making investment decisions in the financial sector [...] Read more.
Over the last decade, sustainable finance has appeared to be capturing a high level of interest as a crucial pillar of sustainable development. The process of taking environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into account when making investment decisions in the financial sector is expected to play a key role in this framework, and although it has attracted the attention of many scholars and academics, a lack of understanding of the nature of the phenomenon remains. Therefore, on the basis of a systematic literature review of 80 studies, we examine, in detail, the subject areas and emphasize the main points in the existing literature. The findings reveal that there are four main thematic areas attracting research interest, as follows: (1) A shift in value creation; (2) green bonds; (3) ESG ratings and performance; and (4) sustainable finance, banking, and financial risks. Finally, this study outlines future research avenues in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Finance and Business Administration in Sustainability)
16 pages, 5396 KiB  
Article
Online Detection of Laser Welding Penetration Depth Based on Multi-Sensor Features
by Kun She, Donghui Li, Kaisong Yang, Mingyu Li, Beile Wu, Lijun Yang and Yiming Huang
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071580 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The accurate online detection of laser welding penetration depth has been a critical problem to which the industry has paid the most attention. Aiming at the laser welding process of TC4 titanium alloy, a multi-sensor monitoring system that obtained the keyhole/molten pool images [...] Read more.
The accurate online detection of laser welding penetration depth has been a critical problem to which the industry has paid the most attention. Aiming at the laser welding process of TC4 titanium alloy, a multi-sensor monitoring system that obtained the keyhole/molten pool images and laser-induced plasma spectrum was built. The influences of laser power on the keyhole/molten pool morphologies and plasma thermo-mechanical characteristics were investigated. The results showed that there were significant correlations among the variations of the keyhole–molten pool, plasma spectrum, and penetration depth. The image features and spectral features were extracted by image processing and dimension-reduction methods, respectively. Moreover, several penetration depth prediction models based on single-sensor features and multi-sensor features were established. The mean square error of the neural network model built by multi-sensor features was 0.0162, which was smaller than that of the model built by single-sensor features. The established high-precision model provided a theoretical basis for real-time feedback control of the penetration depth in the laser welding process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Joining and Additive Manufacturing)
13 pages, 1807 KiB  
Article
Application of Corn Straw, an Agro-Waste, to Remove Dyes in an Aqueous Medium, Producing Blue or Red Fibers
by Andressa dos Santos, Anne R. Sotiles and Fauze J. Anaissi
Processes 2024, 12(4), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040694 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The contaminant dyes that, even at low concentrations, may cause a series of adverse effects in humans and animals, and their removal by adsorption methods using alternative adsorbents as natural fibers, are regarded as a research topic that has become increasingly relevant. In [...] Read more.
The contaminant dyes that, even at low concentrations, may cause a series of adverse effects in humans and animals, and their removal by adsorption methods using alternative adsorbents as natural fibers, are regarded as a research topic that has become increasingly relevant. In this study, corn straw (CS), an agro-industrial residue, was used to remove dyes. The samples were characterized by ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDS, zeta potential, diffuse spectra, and colorimetry, before and after dye removal. The analyses allowed us to differentiate the morphology of CS after the treatment’s fiber on the adsorbent surface. The zeta potential showed a negative surface charge, but the acidic or alkaline treatment affected the surface charge of the sample, influencing the adsorption of cationic or anionic dyes. Adsorption data presented an increased removal when alkaline treatment was applied for the methylene blue (MB; qmax = 16.7 mg g−1), and the acid treatment was more effective for the Congo red (CR; qmax = 2.13 mg g−1). After color stability tests, it was observed that the anionic dye CR was more easily desorbed due to the surface charge of the adsorbent. Due to the chemical treatment, corn straw proved to be a good sustainable adsorbent for removing anionic or cationic dyes from aqueous media, contributing directly to the objective of sustainable development (#6—drinking water and sanitation) and with SDG numbers 3, 11, 12, 14, and 17. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Recovery Technologies from Wastewater and Waste)
15 pages, 2908 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the Damping Coefficient on the Dynamic Stability of the TM-AFM Microcantilever Beam System
by Peijie Song, Xiaojuan Li, Jianjun Cui, Kai Chen and Yandong Chu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2910; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072910 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The tapping-mode atomic force microscope (TM-AFM) is widely used today; however, improper matching between the operating medium and the sampling time may lead to inaccurate measurement results. The relationship between the damping coefficient and the steady state of the TM-AFM microcantilever is investigated [...] Read more.
The tapping-mode atomic force microscope (TM-AFM) is widely used today; however, improper matching between the operating medium and the sampling time may lead to inaccurate measurement results. The relationship between the damping coefficient and the steady state of the TM-AFM microcantilever is investigated in this paper using multiple stability theory. Firstly, the effects of changes in dimensionless linear damping coefficients and dimensionless piezoelectric film damping coefficients on the motion stability of the system are examined using bifurcation diagrams, phase trajectories, and domains of attraction. Subsequently, the degrees of effect of the two damping coefficients on the stability of the system are compared. Finally, the bi-parametric bifurcation characteristics of the system under a specific number of iterative cycles are investigated using the bi-parametric bifurcation diagram in conjunction with the actual working conditions, and the boundary conditions for the transition of the system’s motion from an unstable state to a stable state are obtained. The results of the study show that to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the individual measurement data in 500 iteration cycles, the dimensionless linear damping coefficient must be greater than 0.01014. Our results will provide valuable references for TM-AFM measurement media selection, improving TM-AFM imaging quality, measurement accuracy and maneuverability, and TM-AFM troubleshooting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)
31 pages, 31935 KiB  
Article
The Zircon U-Pb Age, Hf Isotopes, and Lithogeochemistry of Ore-Bearing Rocks from the Archean Hongtoushan Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit in the North China Craton: Implications for Tectonic Setting
by Xinwei You, Ende Wang, Yekai Men, Jianfei Fu, Kun Song and Sishun Ma
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040367 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are globally significant sources of metals. The Hongtoushan VMS deposit is the only large Archean Cu-Zn VMS deposit in the North China Craton, carrying substantial economic value. Significant deformation and metamorphism have made the tectonic setting of the [...] Read more.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are globally significant sources of metals. The Hongtoushan VMS deposit is the only large Archean Cu-Zn VMS deposit in the North China Craton, carrying substantial economic value. Significant deformation and metamorphism have made the tectonic setting of the Hongtoushan VMS deposit the subject of extensive debate. This study investigates the petrogenesis and chronology of the ore-bearing host rocks from the Hongtoushan Cu-Zn VMS deposit in the North China Craton. By utilizing whole-rock geochemical analyses and zircon dating, this research sheds light on the origin and evolution of the ore-bearing rocks within the deposit. The whole-rock geochemical analysis data indicate that the Hongtoushan ore-bearing rock series is mainly composed of amphibole plagioclase gneiss (basalt protolith) and biotite plagioclase gneiss (andesite and rhyolite protolith), suggesting a complete volcanic cycle from basic to medium-acidic volcanic rocks. The amphibole plagioclase gneiss has slight LREE enrichment patterns with unremarkable depletions of Nb, Ta, and Ti and belongs to contaminated ocean plateau basalt (OPB) in terms of composition, which is generally interpreted as being generated from the mantle plume head. Meanwhile, the biotite plagioclase gneiss has relatively steep LREE enrichment distribution patterns with remarkable negative Ta, Nb, and Ti anomalies and a wide range of Zr/Y ratios, indicating their classification as FI- and FII-type felsic rocks; they were likely formed through the fractional crystallization of basic magma combined with crustal assimilation. When combined with the zircon dating results, the ore-bearing host rocks of the Hongtoushan VMS deposit were generated via a continuous magmatic evolution process. The zircon dating of the host rocks indicates a formation age of between 2609 and 2503 Ma, with metamorphic events between 2540 and 2466 Ma, which is consistent with the 2.5 Ga-related global mantle plume event. Further research shows that the ore-bearing host rocks are more likely to have been formed in a mantle plume-related stretching environment, possibly a margin rift. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resources in North China Craton)

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