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13 pages, 2788 KiB  
Article
Low-Frequency Resonant Magnetoelectric Effect in a Piezopolymer-Magnetoactive Elastomer Layered Structure at Different Magnetization Geometries
by Dmitrii V. Savelev, Dmitri A. Burdin, Leonid Y. Fetisov, Yuri K. Fetisov, Nikolai S. Perov and Liudmila A. Makarova
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070928 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The search for novel materials with enhanced characteristics for the advancement of flexible electronic devices and energy harvesting devices is currently a significant concern. Multiferroics are a prominent example of energy conversion materials. The magnetoelectric conversion in a flexible composite based on a [...] Read more.
The search for novel materials with enhanced characteristics for the advancement of flexible electronic devices and energy harvesting devices is currently a significant concern. Multiferroics are a prominent example of energy conversion materials. The magnetoelectric conversion in a flexible composite based on a piezopolymer layer and a magnetic elastomer layer was investigated. The study focused on investigating the dynamic magnetoelectric effect in various configurations of external alternating and constant homogeneous magnetic fields (L-T and T-T configurations). The T-T geometry exhibited a two orders of magnitude higher coefficient of the magnetoelectric effect compared to the L-T geometry. Mechanisms of structure bending in both geometries were proposed and discussed. A theory was put forward to explain the change in the resonance frequency in a uniform external field. A giant value of frequency tuning in a magnetic field of up to 362% was demonstrated; one of the highest values of the magnetoelectric effect yet recorded in polymer multiferroics was observed, reaching up to 134.3 V/(Oe∙cm). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Polymer Materials)
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19 pages, 4926 KiB  
Article
Ferroelectric Properties of Polymer–Semiconductor Hybrid Material or Composite under Optical Excitation
by Michael Kober, David Smykalla, Bernd Ploss, Maria W?chtler, Krishan Kumar, Michael Stelter and Sebastian Engel
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070929 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Polymer–semiconductor hybrid materials or composites have been investigated with respect to their microstructure, optical, photoconductive, and ferroelectric properties. For this purpose, either CdSe quantum dots or (Cd:Zn)S microparticles were dispersed in poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) solution and hot pressed to films. In both material systems, the [...] Read more.
Polymer–semiconductor hybrid materials or composites have been investigated with respect to their microstructure, optical, photoconductive, and ferroelectric properties. For this purpose, either CdSe quantum dots or (Cd:Zn)S microparticles were dispersed in poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) solution and hot pressed to films. In both material systems, the electrical conductivity and the polarization behavior could be controlled by the intensity of the optical excitation. The simultaneous high optical transparency of the CdSe quantum-dot-based hybrid materials makes them particularly interesting for applications in the field of flexible, high-resolution sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Flexible Electronics)
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14 pages, 2778 KiB  
Article
Photothermal Performance of Lignin-Based Nanospheres and Their Applications in Water Surface Actuators
by Mingshan Wen, Hang Wang, Bole Ma and Fuquan Xiong
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070927 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this study, the photothermal performance of lignin-based nanospheres was investigated. Subsequently, a photothermal actuator was prepared using lignin-based carbon nanospheres (LCNSs). The results demonstrated that LCNSs exhibited an impressive photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 83.8%. This extreme efficiency significantly surpasses that [...] Read more.
In this study, the photothermal performance of lignin-based nanospheres was investigated. Subsequently, a photothermal actuator was prepared using lignin-based carbon nanospheres (LCNSs). The results demonstrated that LCNSs exhibited an impressive photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 83.8%. This extreme efficiency significantly surpasses that of lignin nanospheres (LNSs) and covalently stabilized LNSs (HT-LNSs). As a structural material, a hydrophobic coating was effectively engineered by LCNSs on the filter paper, achieving a water contact angle of 151.9° ± 4.6°, while maintaining excellent photothermal effects (with a temperature increment from room temperature to 138 °C in 2 s). When employing hydrophobic filter paper as the substrate for the photothermaldriven actuator, under the influence of a 1.0 W/cm2 power–density NIR laser, the material exhibited outstanding photothermal actuation, achieving speeds up to 16.4 mm/s. In addition, the direction of motion of the actuator can be adjusted in accordance with the location of the NIR light irradiation. This study offers valuable perspectives on the application of LNSs for highvalue applications and the development of innovative photothermal-driven actuators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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23 pages, 14635 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Low- and High-Velocity Responses of Basalt–Epoxy and Basalt–Elium Composites
by Jesse Joseph Llanos, Ke Wang and Farid Taheri
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070926 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Currently, fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) used for demanding structural applications predominantly utilize carbon, glass, and aramid fibers embedded in epoxy resin, albeit occasionally polyester and vinyl ester resins are also used. This study investigates the feasibility of employing recyclable and sustainable materials to [...] Read more.
Currently, fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) used for demanding structural applications predominantly utilize carbon, glass, and aramid fibers embedded in epoxy resin, albeit occasionally polyester and vinyl ester resins are also used. This study investigates the feasibility of employing recyclable and sustainable materials to formulate a composite suitable for load-bearing structural applications, particularly in scenarios involving low-velocity and high-velocity impacts (LVIs and HVIs, respectively). The paper presents a comparative analysis of the performance of basalt–Elium, a fully recyclable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly composite, with an epoxy-based counterpart. Moreover, an accurate and reliable numerical model has been developed and introduced through which the response of these composites can be examined efficiently and accurately under various loading states. The results of this investigation demonstrate the viability of the basalt–elium composite as a fully recyclable and sustainable material for crafting efficient and lightweight composites. Additionally, the accurately developed finite element model presented here can be used to assess the influence of several parameters on the composite, thereby optimizing it for a given situation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behaviors and Properties of Polymer Materials)
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19 pages, 13353 KiB  
Article
Effect of Water Absorption and Stacking Sequences on the Tensile Properties and Damage Mechanisms of Hybrid Polyester/Glass/Jute Composites
by Rudá Aranha, Mario A. Albuquerque Filho, Cícero de L. Santos, Tony Herbert F. de Andrade, Viviane M. Fonseca, Jose Luis Valin Rivera, Marco A. dos Santos, Antonio G. B. de Lima, Wanderley F. de Amorim, Jr. and Laura H. de Carvalho
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070925 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties and damage mechanisms of polyester/glass fiber/jute fiber hybrid composites obtained using the compression molding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) techniques with different stacking sequences. For [...] Read more.
The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties and damage mechanisms of polyester/glass fiber/jute fiber hybrid composites obtained using the compression molding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) techniques with different stacking sequences. For this purpose, the mechanical behavior under tensile stress of the samples was evaluated before and after hygrothermal aging at different temperatures: TA, 50 °C, and 70 °C for a period of 696 h. The damage mechanism after the mechanical tests was evaluated using SEM analysis. The results showed a tendency for the mechanical properties of the composites to decrease with exposure to an aqueous ambient, regardless of the molding technique used to conform the composites. It was also observed that the stacking sequence had no significant influence on the dry composites. However, exposure to the aqueous ambient led to a reduction in mechanical properties, both for the molding technique and the stacking sequence. Damage such as delamination, fiber pull-out, fiber/matrix detachment, voids, and matrix removal were observed in the composites in the SEM analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials III)
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17 pages, 680 KiB  
Article
Lite2: A Schemaless Zero-Copy Serialization Format
by Tianyi Chen, Xiaotong Guan, Shi Shuai, Cuiting Huang and Michal Aibin
Computers 2024, 13(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040089 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In the field of data transmission and storage, serialization formats play a crucial role by converting complex data structures into a byte stream that can be easily stored, transmitted, and reconstructed. Despite the myriad available serialization formats, ranging from JSON to Protobuf, each [...] Read more.
In the field of data transmission and storage, serialization formats play a crucial role by converting complex data structures into a byte stream that can be easily stored, transmitted, and reconstructed. Despite the myriad available serialization formats, ranging from JSON to Protobuf, each has limitations, particularly in balancing schema flexibility, performance, and data copying overhead. This paper introduces Lite2, a novel data serialization format that addresses these challenges by combining schemaless flexibility with the efficiency of zero-copy operations for flat or key–value pair data types. Unlike traditional formats that often require a predefined schema and involve significant data copying during serialization and deserialization, Lite2 offers a dynamic schemaless approach that eliminates unnecessary data copying, optimizing system performance and efficiency. Built upon a contiguously stored B-tree structure, Lite2 enables efficient data lookup and modification without deserialization, thereby achieving zero-copy operations. Full article
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13 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
Computer Vision Approach in Monitoring for Illicit and Copyrighted Objects in Digital Manufacturing
by Ihar Volkau, Sergei Krasovskii, Abdul Mujeeb and Helen Balinsky
Computers 2024, 13(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040090 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
We propose a monitoring system for detecting illicit and copyrighted objects in digital manufacturing (DM). Our system is based on extracting and analyzing high-dimensional data from blueprints of three-dimensional (3D) objects. We aim to protect the legal interests of DM service providers, who [...] Read more.
We propose a monitoring system for detecting illicit and copyrighted objects in digital manufacturing (DM). Our system is based on extracting and analyzing high-dimensional data from blueprints of three-dimensional (3D) objects. We aim to protect the legal interests of DM service providers, who may receive requests for 3D printing from external sources, such as emails or uploads. Such requests may contain blueprints of objects that are illegal, restricted, or otherwise controlled in the country of operation or protected by copyright. Without a reliable way to identify such objects, the service provider may unknowingly violate the laws and regulations and face legal consequences. Therefore, we propose a multi-layer system that automatically detects and flags such objects before the 3D printing process begins. We present efficient computer vision algorithms for object analysis and scalable system architecture for data storage and processing and explain the rationale behind the suggested system architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Image Processing and Computer Vision)
18 pages, 2843 KiB  
Article
Microbial Fermentation Enhances the Effect of Black Tea on Hyperlipidemia by Mediating Bile Acid Metabolism and Remodeling Intestinal Microbes
by Lingli Sun, Lianghua Wen, Qiuhua Li, Ruohong Chen, Shuai Wen, Xingfei Lai, Zhaoxiang Lai, Junxi Cao, Zhenbiao Zhang, Mengjiao Hao, Fanrong Cao and Shili Sun
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070998 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Black tea (BT), the most consumed tea worldwide, can alleviate hyperlipidemia which is a serious threat to human health. However, the quality of summer BT is poor. It was improved by microbial fermentation in a previous study, but whether it affects hypolipidemic activity [...] Read more.
Black tea (BT), the most consumed tea worldwide, can alleviate hyperlipidemia which is a serious threat to human health. However, the quality of summer BT is poor. It was improved by microbial fermentation in a previous study, but whether it affects hypolipidemic activity is unknown. Therefore, we compared the hypolipidemic activity of BT and microbially fermented black tea (EFT). The results demonstrated that BT inhibited weight gain and improved lipid and total bile acid (TBA) levels, and microbial fermentation reinforced this activity. Mechanistically, both BT and EFT mediate bile acid circulation to relieve hyperlipidemia. In addition, BT and EFT improve dyslipidemia by modifying the gut microbiota. Specifically, the increase in Lactobacillus johnsonii by BT, and the increase in Mucispirillum and Colidextribacter by EFT may also be potential causes for alleviation of hyperlipidemia. In summary, we demonstrated that microbial fermentation strengthened the hypolipidemic activity of BT and increased the added value of BT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association of Dietary Intake with Chronic Disease and Human Health)
11 pages, 1243 KiB  
Brief Report
Rescue of Methionine Dependence by Cobalamin in a Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line
by Sarita Garg and Isabelle R. Miousse
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070997 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Methionine dependence is a characteristic of most cancer cells where they are unable to proliferate when the essential amino acid methionine is replaced with its precursor homocysteine in the growing media. Normal cells, on the other hand, thrive under these conditions and are [...] Read more.
Methionine dependence is a characteristic of most cancer cells where they are unable to proliferate when the essential amino acid methionine is replaced with its precursor homocysteine in the growing media. Normal cells, on the other hand, thrive under these conditions and are referred to as methionine-independent. The reaction that adds a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine to regenerate methionine is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine synthase with the cofactor cobalamin (vitamin B12). However, decades of research have shown that methionine dependence in cancer is not due to a defect in the activity of methionine synthase. Cobalamin metabolism has been tied to the dependent phenotype in rare cell lines. We have identified a human colorectal cancer cell line in which the cells regain the ability to proliferation in methionine-free, L-homocystine-supplemented media when cyanocobalamin is supplemented at a level of 1 µg/mL. In human SW48 cells, methionine replacement with L-homocystine does not induce any measurable increase in apoptosis or reactive oxygen species production in this cell line. Rather, proliferation is halted, then restored in the presence of cyanocobalamin. Our data show that supplementation with cyanocobalamin prevents the activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) in methionine-deprived media in this cell line. The ISR-associated cell cycle arrest, characteristic of methionine-dependence in cancer, is also prevented, leading to the continuation of proliferation in methionine-deprived SW48 cells with cobalamin. Our results highlight differences between cancer cell lines in the response to cobalamin supplementation in the context of methionine dependence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methyl Nutrients and One-Carbon Metabolism in Chronic Diseases)
13 pages, 358 KiB  
Article
Exploring Australian News Media Portrayals of Sustainable and Plant-Based Diets
by Rimante Ronto, Carla Vanessa Alves Lopes, Diana Bogueva, Barbara Davis, Alexandra J. Bhatti, Priscilla Navarrete and Josephine Y. Chau
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070996 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: Dietary behaviour transformation is imperative for the attainment of more sustainable food systems, including an increased intake of plant-based foods and lower consumption of red meat and highly processed foods. The influence of news media coverage on public opinion regarding dietary [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Dietary behaviour transformation is imperative for the attainment of more sustainable food systems, including an increased intake of plant-based foods and lower consumption of red meat and highly processed foods. The influence of news media coverage on public opinion regarding dietary behaviours is significant. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how sustainable/plant-based diets have been portrayed in Australian news media. (2) Methods: The Factiva global news database was used to search news articles published in Australia between 2018 and 2020. Relevant news articles were selected if they included keywords relating to sustainable diets, plant-based diets, and meat alternatives. We used a coding protocol to extract key information, such as date of publication, article topic, and any health, environmental and economic impacts. Then, we performed a framing and thematic analysis of the data. (3) Results: From 357 included articles, more than half of the articles encouraged increasing the intake of plant-based foods (53.5%) and reducing animal-derived food intake (55.2%). Several reasons for such shift from animal protein centric Australian diets were identified throughout the articles such as health benefits (15.4%), environmental impacts (11.2%), animal welfare (4.8%), seasonality and local food intake (5.3%), avoiding overconsumption (4.5%) and food wastage (4.5%). (4) Conclusions: The predominant frame in Australian news coverage about sustainable diets has been about consumption, more plant- and less animal-based products, with little nuance about the complex interplay of diet quality and environment in influencing food choices. Australian news media should broaden its coverage of sustainable diets to include health, environmental, and economic factors to improve public understanding and facilitate informed and sustainable food choices. Further research is needed to enhance comprehension of how the audience perceives media coverage on this topic, which will provide a more thorough understanding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)
20 pages, 3455 KiB  
Article
Calorie Restriction Using High-Fat/Low-Carbohydrate Diet Suppresses Liver Fat Accumulation and Pancreatic Beta-Cell Dedifferentiation in Obese Diabetic Mice
by Xiao Lei, Emi Ishida, Satoshi Yoshino, Shunichi Matsumoto, Kazuhiko Horiguchi and Eijiro Yamada
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070995 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In diabetes, pancreatic β-cells gradually lose their ability to secrete insulin with disease progression. β-cell dysfunction is a contributing factor to diabetes severity. Recently, islet cell heterogeneity, exemplified by β-cell dedifferentiation and identified in diabetic animals, has attracted attention as an underlying molecular [...] Read more.
In diabetes, pancreatic β-cells gradually lose their ability to secrete insulin with disease progression. β-cell dysfunction is a contributing factor to diabetes severity. Recently, islet cell heterogeneity, exemplified by β-cell dedifferentiation and identified in diabetic animals, has attracted attention as an underlying molecular mechanism of β-cell dysfunction. Previously, we reported β-cell dedifferentiation suppression by calorie restriction, not by reducing hyperglycemia using hypoglycemic agents (including sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors), in an obese diabetic mice model (db/db). Here, to explore further mechanisms of the effects of food intake on β-cell function, db/db mice were fed either a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet (db-HC) or a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (db-HF) using similar calorie restriction regimens. After one month of intervention, body weight reduced, and glucose intolerance improved to a similar extent in the db-HC and db-HF groups. However, β-cell dedifferentiation did not improve in the db-HC group, and β-cell mass compensatory increase occurred in this group. More prominent fat accumulation occurred in the db-HC group livers. The expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism, mainly regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ, differed significantly between groups. In conclusion, the fat/carbohydrate ratio in food during calorie restriction in obese mice affected both liver lipid metabolism and β-cell dedifferentiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glucose Metabolism in Obese and Diabetic Patients)
23 pages, 624 KiB  
Systematic Review
Exploring Gene–Diet Interactions for Mother–Child Health: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies
by Giuliana Favara, Andrea Maugeri, Roberta Magnano San Lio, Martina Barchitta and Antonella Agodi
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070994 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Maternal–child health suggests the critical impact of maternal nutrition during the pre-conception and gestational periods, with some genetic variants also playing a significant role. Our systematic review provides an overview of epidemiological studies exploring the interactions between genetic variants, maternal dietary habits, [...] Read more.
Background: Maternal–child health suggests the critical impact of maternal nutrition during the pre-conception and gestational periods, with some genetic variants also playing a significant role. Our systematic review provides an overview of epidemiological studies exploring the interactions between genetic variants, maternal dietary habits, and neonatal and/or maternal pregnancy outcomes. Methods: From its inception until June 2023, we conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Results: On a total of 29 epidemiological studies, 11 studies were conducted to explore the interplay between genetic variants and dietary factors, focusing on the risks associated with gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, recurrent spontaneous abortion, recurrent pregnancy loss, iron deficiency anemia, and gestational weight gain. Concerning neonatal outcomes, six studies investigated the interplay between genetic variants, dietary factors, and anthropometric measures, while eight studies delved into abnormal embryonic development, two studies focused on preterm birth, and two studies explored other neonatal outcomes. Conclusions: Deeply understanding gene–diet interactions could be useful in developing highly personalized approaches to maternal and child nutrition, as well as in exploring the potential implications in disease prevention and the promotion of the long-term well-being of both mothers and their offspring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)
16 pages, 588 KiB  
Systematic Review
Daily Duration of Eating for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Jill Townley, Kate Northstone, Elanor C. Hinton, Julian Hamilton-Shield, Aidan Searle and Sam Leary
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070993 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Time-limited eating is a dietary intervention whereby eating is limited to a specific window of time during the day. The usual eating windows of adults, and how these can be manipulated for dietary interventions, is well documented. However, there is a paucity of [...] Read more.
Time-limited eating is a dietary intervention whereby eating is limited to a specific window of time during the day. The usual eating windows of adults, and how these can be manipulated for dietary interventions, is well documented. However, there is a paucity of data on eating windows of young people, the manipulation of which may be a useful intervention for reducing obesity. This paper reviewed the existing literature on the eating windows of children and adolescents, aged 5–18 years, plus clock times of first and last intakes and variations by subgroup. Two databases (Medline and Embase) were searched for eligible papers published between February 2013 and February 2023, with forward searching of the citation network of included studies on Web of Science. Articles were screened, and data extracted, in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Ten studies were included, with both observational and experimental designs. Narrative synthesis showed large variations in eating windows with average values ranging from 9.7 h to 16.4 h. Meta-analysis, of five studies, showed a pooled mean daily eating window of 11.3 h (95% CI 11.0, 11.7). Large variations in eating windows exist across different study populations; however, the pooled data suggest that it may be possible to design time-limited eating interventions in paediatric populations aimed at reducing eating windows. Further high-quality research, investigating eating windows and subsequent associations with health outcomes, is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes)
11 pages, 440 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Oral Function Evaluation According to Dementia Severity in Older Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease
by Maki Shirobe, Ayako Edahiro, Keiko Motokawa, Shiho Morishita, Yoshiko Motohashi, Chiaki Matsubara, Masanori Iwasaki, Yutaka Watanabe and Hirohiko Hirano
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070992 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Oral function evaluation in older adults with dementia is important for determining appropriate and practical dietary support plans; however, it can be challenging due to their difficulties in comprehending instructions and cooperating during assessments. The feasibility of oral function evaluation has not been [...] Read more.
Oral function evaluation in older adults with dementia is important for determining appropriate and practical dietary support plans; however, it can be challenging due to their difficulties in comprehending instructions and cooperating during assessments. The feasibility of oral function evaluation has not been well studied. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the feasibility of oral function evaluation in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) according to Functional Assessment Staging of Alzheimer’s Disease (FAST) stages. In total, 428 older adults with AD (45 men and 383 women; mean age: 87.2 ± 6.2 years) were included. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine the prevalence of participants who were unable to perform oral function evaluations, including oral diadochokinesis (ODK), repeated saliva swallow test (RSST), and modified water swallow test (MWST). In comparison to the reference category (combined FAST stage 1–3), FAST stage 7 was associated with the infeasibility of ODK (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval = 26.7, 4.2–168.6), RSST (5.9, 2.2–16.1), and MWST (8.7, 1.6–48.5, respectively). Oral function evaluation is difficult in older adults with severe AD. Simpler and more practical swallowing function assessments and indicators that can be routinely observed are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Nutrition in Older Adults)
19 pages, 738 KiB  
Article
Unlocking Cognitive Potential: Association of Sarcopenia and Mediterranean Diet on Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Elderly of the Dalmatian Region
by Julija Jelaska, Marijana Vu?kovi?, Ivana Gugi? Ordulj, Ela Kolak, Lucija ?oli? ?egvi?, Zdravka ?api? Kolak, Irena Keser and Josipa Radi?
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070991 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the association between muscle strength, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly. General data, data of body composition and anthropometric parameters, clinical and laboratory findings, cognitive test questionnaires (Mini-Mental State [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine the association between muscle strength, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly. General data, data of body composition and anthropometric parameters, clinical and laboratory findings, cognitive test questionnaires (Mini-Mental State Examination—MMSE, Trail Making Test—TMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test—SDMT), and nutritional assessments (Mini Nutritional Assessment—MNA, Mediterranean Diet Serving Score—MDSS) were obtained for each study participant. Handgrip strength (HS) was used as one of the key parameters for defining probable sarcopenia, among the Short Physical Performance Battery test (SPPB) (for defining physical activity) and the strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls questionnaire (SARC-F). Our cross-sectional study involved 114 participants aged ≥ 60 years, and two-thirds of the participants were female (76.3% vs. 23.7%). Probable sarcopenia was found in 34.7% of them. Using bivariate regression analysis, cognitive deficit among the sarcopenic population was associated with the following groups of collected data: (a) sociodemographic-associated factors—advanced age (OR: 1.07; p = 0.004), single marital status (OR: 3.25; p = 0.03), and low level of education (OR: 0.22; p < 0.003); (b) behavioral-associated factors—duration of institutionalization (OR: 1.05; p = 0.007), performance of heavy physical work (OR: 6.26; p = 0.001), low physical activity (OR: 0.08; p = 0.002), and risk of malnutrition (OR: 3.87; p = 0.005); (c) disease-related factors—loss of appetite (OR: 2.24; p = 0.04), information processing speed (OR: 0.88; p < 0.001), blood pressure systolic/diastolic variables (OR: 0.96/0.96; p = 0.002/0.02), medications (OR: 1.19; p = 0.005), predictive sarcopenia score ≥ 4 (OR: 3.1; p = 0.003), and low muscle strength (OR: 0.92; p = 0.002). Cognitive preservation among the sarcopenic population was associated with married status (OR: 0.23; p = 0.20), a high level of education (OR: 0.18; p = 0.002), smoking (OR: 0.33; p = 0.02), high physical activity (OR: 0.07; p < 0.001), and dietary habits using poultry (OR: 0.12; p = 0.004). The results suggest a significant association between sarcopenia and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly, highlighting the need for regular nutritional interventions in this special population. Full article
25 pages, 2117 KiB  
Article
Effects of Supplementation with Microalgae Extract from Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Mi136) to Support Benefits from a Weight Management Intervention in Overweight Women
by Broderick Dickerson, Jonathan Maury, Victoria Jenkins, Kay Nottingham, Dante Xing, Drew E. Gonzalez, Megan Leonard, Jacob Kendra, Joungbo Ko, Choongsung Yoo, Sarah Johnson, Rémi Pradelles, Martin Purpura, Ralf J?ger, Ryan Sowinski, Christopher J. Rasmussen and Richard B. Kreider
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070990 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Microalgae like Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) contain the carotenoid, fucoxanthin, which has been purported to promote fat loss, lower blood lipids, and improve glucose management. This study examined whether dietary supplementation with microalgae extracts from PT containing 4.4 mg/d of fucoxanthin affects changes [...] Read more.
Background: Microalgae like Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) contain the carotenoid, fucoxanthin, which has been purported to promote fat loss, lower blood lipids, and improve glucose management. This study examined whether dietary supplementation with microalgae extracts from PT containing 4.4 mg/d of fucoxanthin affects changes in body composition or health markers in overweight women during an exercise and diet intervention. Materials and Methods: A total of 37 females (28.6 ± 7.9 years, 80.2 ± 14.9 kg, 29.6 ± 3.8 kg/m², 41.4 ± 4.2% fat) fasted for 12 h, donated a fasting blood sample, completed health and mood state inventories, and undertook body composition, health, and exercise assessments. In a counterbalanced, randomized, and double-blind manner, participants ingested a placebo (PL), or microalgae extract of Phaeodactylum tricornutum standardized to 4.4 mg of fucoxanthin (FX) for 12 weeks while participating in a supervised exercise program that included resistance-training and walking (3 days/week) with encouragement to accumulate 10,000 steps/day on remaining days of the week. The diet intervention involved reducing energy intake by about -300 kcal/d (i.e., ≈1400–1600 kcals/d, 55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein) to promote a −500 kcal/d energy deficit with exercise. Follow-up testing was performed at 6 and 12 weeks. A general linear model (GLM) with repeated measures statistical analysis was used to analyze group responses and changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Dietary supplementation with microalgae extract from PT containing fucoxanthin for 12 weeks did not promote additional weight loss or fat loss in overweight but otherwise healthy females initiating an exercise and diet intervention designed to promote modest weight loss. However, fucoxanthin supplementation preserved bone mass, increased bone density, and saw greater improvements in walking steps/day, resting heart rate, aerobic capacity, blood lipid profiles, adherence to diet goals, functional activity tolerance, and measures of quality of life. Consequently, there appears to be some benefit to supplementing microalgae extract from PT containing fucoxanthin during a diet and exercise program. Registered clinical trial #NCT04761406. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)
18 pages, 898 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of a Postpartum Breastfeeding Support Group Intervention in Promoting Exclusive Breastfeeding and Perceived Self-Efficacy: A Multicentre Randomized Clinical Trial
by Isabel Rodríguez-Gallego, Isabel Corrales-Gutierrez, Diego Gomez-Baya and Fatima Leon-Larios
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070988 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
There are numerous recognized benefits of breastfeeding; however, sociocultural, individual, and environmental factors influence its initiation and continuation, sometimes leading to breastfeeding rates that are lower than recommended by international guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a [...] Read more.
There are numerous recognized benefits of breastfeeding; however, sociocultural, individual, and environmental factors influence its initiation and continuation, sometimes leading to breastfeeding rates that are lower than recommended by international guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a group intervention led by midwives supporting breastfeeding during the postpartum period in promoting exclusive breastfeeding, as well as to assess the impact of this intervention on perceived self-efficacy. This was a non-blind, multicentric, cluster-randomized controlled trial. Recruitment started October 2021, concluding May 2023. A total of 382 women from Andalusia (Spain) participated in the study. The results showed that at 4 months postpartum there was a higher prevalence of breastfeeding in the intervention group compared to formula feeding (p = 0.01), as well as a higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.03), and also at 6 months (p = 0.01). Perceived self-efficacy was similar in both groups for the first two months after delivery, which then remained stable until 4 months and decreased slightly at 6 months in both groups (p = 0.99). The intervention improved the average scores of perceived self-efficacy and indirectly caused higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.005). In conclusion, the midwife-led group intervention supporting breastfeeding proved to be effective at maintaining exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum and also at increasing perceived self-efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breastfeeding: Benefits to Infant and Mother)
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15 pages, 680 KiB  
Article
Swapping White for High-Fibre Bread Increases Faecal Abundance of Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Bacteria and Microbiome Diversity: A Randomized, Controlled, Decentralized Trial
by Yanan Wang, Brooke Wymond, Himanshu Tandon and Damien P. Belobrajdic
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070989 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
A low-fibre diet leads to gut microbiota imbalance, characterized by low diversity and reduced ability to produce beneficial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This imbalance is associated with poor gastrointestinal and metabolic health. We aimed to determine whether one dietary change, [...] Read more.
A low-fibre diet leads to gut microbiota imbalance, characterized by low diversity and reduced ability to produce beneficial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This imbalance is associated with poor gastrointestinal and metabolic health. We aimed to determine whether one dietary change, substitution of white bread with high-fibre bread, improves gut microbiota diversity and SCFA-producing capability. Twenty-two healthy adults completed a two-phase randomized, cross-over trial. The participants consumed three slices of a high-fibre bread (Prebiotic Cape Seed Loaf with BARLEYmax®) or control white bread as part of their usual diet for 2 weeks, with the treatment periods separated by a 4-week washout. High-fibre bread consumption increased total dietary fibre intake to 40 g/d, which was double the amount of fibre consumed at baseline or during the white bread intervention. Compared to white bread, the high-fibre bread intervention resulted in higher faecal alpha diversity (Shannon, p = 0.014) and relative abundance of the Lachnospiracae ND3007 group (p < 0.001, FDR = 0.019) and tended to increase the butyrate-producing capability (p = 0.062). In conclusion, substituting white bread with a high-fibre bread improved the diversity of gut microbiota and specific microbes involved in SCFA production and may enhance the butyrate-producing capability of gut microbiota in healthy adults. These findings suggest that a single dietary change involving high-fibre bread provides a practical way for adults to exceed recommended dietary fibre intake levels that improve gut microbiota composition and support gastrointestinal and metabolic health. Full article
20 pages, 1440 KiB  
Systematic Review
Is There Evidence of Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) in Remission of Active Disease in Children and Adults? A Systematic Review
by Inês Correia, Patrícia Almeida Oliveira, Maria Luz Antunes, Maria da Gra?a Raimundo and Ana Catarina Moreira
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070987 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease. Previous research has explored the impact of diet on CD, as specific dietary components can influence gut microbiota and immune responses, contributing to damage in the gastrointestinal tract. The Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) is [...] Read more.
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease. Previous research has explored the impact of diet on CD, as specific dietary components can influence gut microbiota and immune responses, contributing to damage in the gastrointestinal tract. The Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) is based on an exclusion diet; it is a recent dietary approach that is often used alongside partial enteral nutrition (PEN) and aims to induce disease remission by excluding certain dietary components. This study assesses the current evidence for the effectiveness of the CDED + PEN in achieving remission in both children and adults with active CD. Our systematic review followed PRISMA recommendations and was registered in PROSPERO with CRD number 42022335076. The searched databases were PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. The included studies were analyzed using Rayyan software, and the risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane RevMan 5.0 software. The primary assessed outcome was clinical remission, evaluated with validated questionnaire scores such as PCDAI, CDAI, or HBI. All analyzed papers yielded promising results. Notably, the CDED + PEN demonstrated better tolerance than exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), resulting in higher adherence rates. Therefore, the CDED + PEN appears to be a viable alternative for induction remission in active disease for both children and adults with CD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
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28 pages, 2922 KiB  
Review
Soy Product Consumption and the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
by Chenting Wang, Keqing Ding, Xuanzhen Xie, Jinyue Zhou, Pengju Liu, Shuang Wang, Ting Fang, Guozhang Xu, Chunlan Tang and Hang Hong
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070986 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: The association between soy product consumption and cancer risk varies among studies. Therefore, this comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies examines the association between soy product consumption and total cancer risk. Methods: This study was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Up to October [...] Read more.
Background: The association between soy product consumption and cancer risk varies among studies. Therefore, this comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies examines the association between soy product consumption and total cancer risk. Methods: This study was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Up to October 2023, all eligible published studies were searched through PubMed and Web of Science databases. Results: A total of 52 studies on soy product consumption were included in this meta-analysis (17 cohort studies and 35 case–control studies). High consumption of total soy products (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.80), tofu (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.86), and soymilk (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.93) were associated with reduced total cancer risk. No association was found between high consumption of fermented soy products (RR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.47), non-fermented soy products (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.18), soy paste (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.14), miso soup (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.12), or natto (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.11) and cancer risk. A 54 g per day increment of total soy products reduced cancer risk by 11%, a 61 g per day increment of tofu reduced cancer risk by 12%, and a 23 g per day increment of soymilk reduced cancer risk by 28%, while none of the other soy products were associated with cancer risk. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that high total soy product consumption, especially soymilk and tofu, is associated with lower cancer risk. More prospective cohort studies are still needed to confirm the causal relationship between soy product consumption and cancer risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)
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16 pages, 5979 KiB  
Article
Gynostemma pentaphyllum Hydrodistillate and Its Major Component Damulin B Promote Hair Growth-Inducing Properties In Vivo and In Vitro via the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Dermal Papilla Cells
by Lochana Kovale, Seoyeon Lee, Minhyeok Song, Jihyun Lee, Hyeong Jig Son, Young Kwan Sung, Mi Hee Kwack, Wonchae Choe, Insug Kang, Sung Soo Kim and Joohun Ha
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070985 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Alopecia, a prevalent yet challenging condition with limited FDA-approved treatments which is accompanied by notable side effects, necessitates the exploration of natural alternatives. This study elucidated the hair growth properties of Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf hydrodistillate (GPHD) both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, [...] Read more.
Alopecia, a prevalent yet challenging condition with limited FDA-approved treatments which is accompanied by notable side effects, necessitates the exploration of natural alternatives. This study elucidated the hair growth properties of Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf hydrodistillate (GPHD) both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, damulin B, a major component of GPHD, demonstrated hair growth-promoting properties in vitro. Beyond its established anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory attributes, GPHD exhibited hair growth induction in mice parallel to minoxidil. Moreover, it upregulated the expression of autocrine factors associated with hair growth, including VEGF, IGF-1, KGF, and HGF. Biochemical assays revealed that minoxidil, GPHD, and damulin B induced hair growth via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through AKT signaling, aligning with in vivo experiments demonstrating improved expression of growth factors. These findings suggest that GPHD and damulin B contribute to the hair growth-inducing properties of dermal papilla cells through the AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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13 pages, 250 KiB  
Article
Association of Nightly Fasting, Meal Frequency, and Skipping Meals with Metabolic Syndrome among Kuwaiti Adults
by Fatema Alkhulaifi, Suad Al-Hooti, Sameer Al-Zenki, Husam Alomirah, Qian Xiao, Wenyaw Chan, Fuqing Wu and Charles Darkoh
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070984 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that meal timing and frequency are associated with cardiometabolic health by influencing circadian rhythms. However, the evidence is inconsistent and limited, especially in non-Western cultures. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the association between temporal habits of dietary intake, such [...] Read more.
Mounting evidence suggests that meal timing and frequency are associated with cardiometabolic health by influencing circadian rhythms. However, the evidence is inconsistent and limited, especially in non-Western cultures. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the association between temporal habits of dietary intake, such as nightly fasting duration and meal frequency, and metabolic syndrome among Kuwaiti adults. A 24-hour recall was used to assess temporal habits of dietary intake. Meal frequency was defined as the number of daily eating episodes. The study included a total of 757 adults aged 20 years and older. The participants’ mean age was 37.8 ± 12.3 years. After adjusting for all confounders, higher meal frequency was found to be associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults (OR, 0.43; 95%CI, 0.19–0.96) and a lower prevalence of elevated triglycerides in men only (OR, 0.23; 95%CI, 0.09–0.60). No association was found between nightly fasting and metabolic syndrome, but a longer fasting duration was associated with a lower prevalence of elevated triglycerides (OR, 0.19; 95%CI, 0.06–0.63). The findings suggest that having frequent meals and longer durations of nightly fasting may help decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome and elevated triglycerides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes)
11 pages, 4027 KiB  
Article
Soy Protein Concentrate Diets Inversely Affect LPS-Binding Protein Expression in Colon and Liver, Reduce Liver Inflammation, and Increase Fecal LPS Excretion in Obese Zucker Rats
by Wei Li and Reza Hakkak
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070982 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Dietary soy protein and soy isoflavones have anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, we reported that feeding soy protein concentrate diet (SPC) with low or high isoflavone (LIF or HIF) to young (seven-week-old) obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation and decreases liver inflammation compared [...] Read more.
Dietary soy protein and soy isoflavones have anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, we reported that feeding soy protein concentrate diet (SPC) with low or high isoflavone (LIF or HIF) to young (seven-week-old) obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation and decreases liver inflammation compared to a casein control (CAS) diet. The current study investigated whether SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets would reduce liver inflammation in adult obese Zucker rats fed a CAS diet. A total of 21 six-week-old male obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats were given CAS diet for 8 weeks to develop obesity then randomly assigned to CAS, SPC-LIF, or SPC-HIF (seven rats/group) diet for an additional 10 weeks. The expression of LPS-translocation, inflammation, and intestinal permeability markers were quantified by qPCR in liver, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and colon. LPS concentration was determined in both the colon content and fecal samples by a Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets significantly decreased liver LPS-binding protein (LBP) expression compared to CAS diet (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). SPC-HIF diet also significantly decreased liver MCP-1 and TNF-α expression (p < 0.05) and had a trend to decrease liver iNOS expression (p = 0.06). In the colon, SPC-HIF diet significantly increased LBP expression compared to CAS diet (p < 0.05). When samples from all three groups were combined, there was a negative correlation between colon LBP expression and liver LBP expression (p = 0.046). SPC diets did not alter the expression of intestinal permeability markers (i.e., occludin, claudin 3, and zonula occludens-1) in the colon or inflammation markers (i.e., TNF-α and iNOS) in VAT or the colon. LPS levels in the colon content did not differ between any groups. Fecal LPS levels were significantly higher in the SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF groups compared to the CAS group (p < 0.01). In conclusion, SPC, particularly SPC with HIF, reduces liver LBP expression and inflammation makers (i.e., TNF-α and MCP-1 expression) in adult obese Zucker rats, likely by reducing LPS translocation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Inflammation and Metabolic Complications)
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