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17 pages, 4844 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Free Convection in Micropolar Fluids over a Permeable Shrinking Sheet with Slip Boundary Conditions
by Param R. Tangsali, Nagaraj N. Katagi, Ashwini Bhat and Manjunath Shettar
Symmetry 2024, 16(4), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040400 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The convective micropolar fluid flow over a permeable shrinking sheet in the presence of a heat source and thermal radiation with the magnetic field directed towards the sheet has been studied in this paper. The mathematical formulation considers the partial slip condition at [...] Read more.
The convective micropolar fluid flow over a permeable shrinking sheet in the presence of a heat source and thermal radiation with the magnetic field directed towards the sheet has been studied in this paper. The mathematical formulation considers the partial slip condition at the sheet, allowing a realistic representation of the fluid flow near the boundary. The governing equations for the flow, heat, and mass transfer are formulated using the conservation laws of mass, momentum, angular momentum, energy, and concentration. The resulting nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. The numerical solutions are obtained using robust computational techniques to examine the influence of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The impact of slip effects, micropolar fluid characteristics, and permeability parameters on the flow features and heat transfer rates are thoroughly analyzed. The findings of this investigation offer valuable insights into the behavior of micropolar fluids in free convection flows over permeable shrinking sheets with slip, providing a foundation for potential applications in various industrial and engineering processes. Key findings include the observation that the velocity profile overshoots for assisting flow with decreasing viscous force and rising magnetic effects as opposed to opposing flow. The thermal boundary layer thickness decreases due to buoyant force but shows increasing behavior with heat source parameters. The present result agrees with the earlier findings for specific parameter values in particular cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
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18 pages, 5343 KiB  
Article
Gentiopicrin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Topical Agent for the Treatment of Psoriasis
by Guohua Cheng, Xiaojie Zhang, Huiling Zhang, Zhixuan Feng, Jiaxiu Cai, Jingjing Li, Libo Du and Ke Liu
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070610 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease induced by various factors, including genetic factors, immune factors, environmental factors, and psychological factors, is characterized by thickening of the epidermis, excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, abnormal differentiation, and an excessive inflammatory response. Traditional treatments for psoriasis still [...] Read more.
Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease induced by various factors, including genetic factors, immune factors, environmental factors, and psychological factors, is characterized by thickening of the epidermis, excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, abnormal differentiation, and an excessive inflammatory response. Traditional treatments for psoriasis still face challenges because of limited curative effects, notable side effects, and a tendency for recurrence. In contrast, topical therapy provides a favorable option for psoriasis treatment because of its noninvasive and self-administered method. In this study, gentiopicrin (Gen) is encapsulated in the liposomes to form a nanodrug, and then chitosan is covered on the nanodrug to assemble the nanodrug delivery system (CS@Gen), which is used as a topical agent for treating psoriasis. Then M5 (a mixture of five pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, oncostatin M, and TNF-α)-induced HacaT cells and imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse models are established, whose results show that CS@Gen induces apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation and cell migration of psoriasis keratinocytes. Additionally, the application of CS@Gen cream can significantly reduce epidermal thickness, diminish skin scaling, and improve other related mechanisms in mice affected by psoriasis. Meanwhile, the prepared CS@Gen can significantly reduce the expression levels of IL-17a, Cxcl2, S100a, Mki67, and other related inflammatory factors, resulting in indirectly inhibiting the inflammation of keratinocytes. In summary, the present study provides an ideal loading for an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drug delivery system for the treatment of psoriasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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10 pages, 4593 KiB  
Article
New Diterpenes and Diterpene Glycosides with Antibacterial Activity from Soft Coral Lemnalia bournei
by Xiao Han, Huiting Wang, Bing Li, Xiaoyi Chen, Te Li, Xia Yan, Han Ouyang, Wenhan Lin and Shan He
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040157 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Five new biflorane-type diterpenoids, biofloranates E–I (15), and two new bicyclic diterpene glycosides, lemnaboursides H–I (67), along with the known lemnabourside, were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Lemnalia bournei. Their chemical [...] Read more.
Five new biflorane-type diterpenoids, biofloranates E–I (15), and two new bicyclic diterpene glycosides, lemnaboursides H–I (67), along with the known lemnabourside, were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Lemnalia bournei. Their chemical structures and stereochemistry were determined based on extensive spectroscopic methods, including time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) ECD calculations, as well as a comparison of them with the reported values. The antibacterial activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated against five pathogenic bacteria, and all of these diterpenes and diterpene glycosides showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, with MICs ranging from 4 to 64 µg/mL. In addition, these compounds did not exhibit noticeable cytotoxicities on A549, Hela, and HepG2 cancer cell lines, at 20 μM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Soft Corals and Their Derived Microorganisms)
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Article
Characterization of Vestibular Phenotypes in Patients with Genetic Hearing Loss
by Ji Hyuk Han, Seong Hoon Bae, Sun Young Joo, Jung Ah Kim, Se Jin Kim, Seung Hyun Jang, Dongju Won, Heon Yung Gee, Jae Young Choi, Jinsei Jung and Sung Huhn Kim
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072001 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The vestibular phenotypes of patients with genetic hearing loss are poorly understood. Methods: we performed genetic testing including exome sequencing and vestibular function tests to investigate vestibular phenotypes and functions in patients with genetic hearing loss. Results: Among 627 patients, 143 (22.8%) had [...] Read more.
The vestibular phenotypes of patients with genetic hearing loss are poorly understood. Methods: we performed genetic testing including exome sequencing and vestibular function tests to investigate vestibular phenotypes and functions in patients with genetic hearing loss. Results: Among 627 patients, 143 (22.8%) had vestibular symptoms. Genetic variations were confirmed in 45 (31.5%) of the 143 patients. Nineteen deafness genes were linked with vestibular symptoms; the most frequent genes in autosomal dominant and recessive individuals were COCH and SLC26A4, respectively. Vestibular symptoms were mostly of the vertigo type, recurrent, and persisted for hours in the genetically confirmed and unconfirmed groups. Decreased vestibular function in the caloric test, video head impulse test, cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential, and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential was observed in 42.0%, 16.3%, 57.8%, and 85.0% of the patients, respectively. The caloric test revealed a significantly higher incidence of abnormal results in autosomal recessive individuals than in autosomal dominant individuals (p = 0.011). The genes, including SLC26A4, COCH, KCNQ4, MYH9, NLRP3, EYA4, MYO7A, MYO15A, and MYH9, were heterogeneously associated with abnormalities in the vestibular function test. Conclusions: In conclusion, diverse vestibular symptoms are commonly concomitant with genetic hearing loss and are easily overlooked. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Insights into Vestibular Disorders)
22 pages, 9493 KiB  
Article
Multi-Mode Damage and Fracture Mechanisms of Thin-Walled Tubular Parts with Cross Inner Ribs Manufactured via Flow Forming
by Xiang Zeng, Leheng Huang, Xiaoguang Fan, Hongwei Li, Mei Zhan, Zhongbao Mi, Xuefeng Xu and Yubin Fan
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071576 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In order to study the multi-mode damage and fracture mechanisms of thin-walled tubular parts with cross inner ribs (longitudinal and transverse inner ribs, LTIRs), the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model was modified with a newly proposed stress state function. Thus, tension damage and shear damage [...] Read more.
In order to study the multi-mode damage and fracture mechanisms of thin-walled tubular parts with cross inner ribs (longitudinal and transverse inner ribs, LTIRs), the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model was modified with a newly proposed stress state function. Thus, tension damage and shear damage were unified by the new stress state function, which was asymmetric with respect to stress triaxiality. Tension damage dominated the modification, which, coupled with the shear damage variable, ensured the optimal prediction of fractures of thin-walled tubular parts with LTIRs by the modified GTN model. This included fractures occurring at the non-rib zone (NRZ), the longitudinal rib (LIR) and the interface between the transverse rib (TIR) and the NRZ. Among them, the stripping of material from the outer surface of the tubular part was mainly caused by the shearing of built-up material in front of the rollers under a large wall thickness reduction (ΔT). Shear and tension deformation were the causes of fractures occurring at the NRZ, while axial tension under a large TIR interval (l) mainly resulted in fractures on LIRs. Fractures at the interface between the TIR and NRZ were due to the shearing applied by rib grooves and radial tension during the formation of ribs. This study can provide guidance for the manufacturing of high-performance aluminum alloy thin-walled tubular components with complex inner ribs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Computational Methods in Manufacturing Processes)
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Article
Distribution, Accumulation and Translocation of the Heavy Metal Cd in Various Varieties of Edible Rapeseed under Cd Stress
by Jing Liu, Lingyun Kang, Lianfeng Du, Shangqiang Liao, Wei Dong, Maoting Ma, Guoyuan Zou and Shunjiang Li
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2876; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072876 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
To examine the safety of producing edible rapeseed in heavy-metal-contaminated farmland, field experiments were performed with 25 varieties of edible rapeseed on farmland lightly polluted with Cd in the central southern part of Hunan Province. Growing characteristics and Cd contents in rapeseed tissues [...] Read more.
To examine the safety of producing edible rapeseed in heavy-metal-contaminated farmland, field experiments were performed with 25 varieties of edible rapeseed on farmland lightly polluted with Cd in the central southern part of Hunan Province. Growing characteristics and Cd contents in rapeseed tissues were measured, and Cd uptake, translocation and removal potential were calculated. The results showed that the growth of 25 rapeseed varieties was not inhibited without withering or inconsistent changes in the shoot. The shoot and root Cd contents of rapeseed varieties ranged from 0.05 to 0.26 mg·kg−1 and 0.04 to 0.26 mg·kg−1, respectively. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) showed that the shoot had a greater capacity for Cd transport than roots. The total Cd removed by rapeseed varieties ranged from 1.606 to 16.159 μg·plant−1. There were significant differences in plant height, BCF of soil available Cd in the shoot, translocation factor (TCF) of Cd from root to shoot and Cd intake by rapeseed among the edible rapeseed varieties. Cluster analysis of Cd accumulation in the 25 rapeseed varieties indicated that Lvjin 1, Guanyou Qingjing and Guanyou brassica not only reduced soil pollution but also allowed for the production of safe leafy rapeseed, although Cd contents in the shoot of 25 rapeseed varieties did not exceed the national safety standards of China. Full article
25 pages, 8627 KiB  
Article
Investigating Potential Cancer Therapeutics: Insight into Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) Inhibitions
by Basharat Ahmad, Aamir Saeed, Ahmed Al-Amery, Ismail Celik, Iraj Ahmed, Muhammad Yaseen, Imran Ahmad Khan, Dhurgham Al-Fahad and Mashooq Ahmad Bhat
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(4), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040444 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that remove acetyl groups from ɛ-amino of histone, and their involvement in the development and progression of cancer disorders makes them an interesting therapeutic target. This study seeks to discover new inhibitors that selectively inhibit HDAC enzymes which [...] Read more.
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that remove acetyl groups from ɛ-amino of histone, and their involvement in the development and progression of cancer disorders makes them an interesting therapeutic target. This study seeks to discover new inhibitors that selectively inhibit HDAC enzymes which are linked to deadly disorders like T-cell lymphoma, childhood neuroblastoma, and colon cancer. MOE was used to dock libraries of ZINC database molecules within the catalytic active pocket of target HDACs. The top three hits were submitted to MD simulations ranked on binding affinities and well-occupied interaction mechanisms determined from molecular docking studies. Inside the catalytic active site of HDACs, the two stable inhibitors LIG1 and LIG2 affect the protein flexibility, as evidenced by RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and PCA. MD simulations of HDACs complexes revealed an alteration from extended to bent motional changes within loop regions. The structural deviation following superimposition shows flexibility via a visual inspection of movable loops at different timeframes. According to PCA, the activity of HDACs inhibitors induces structural dynamics that might potentially be utilized to define the nature of protein inhibition. The findings suggest that this study offers solid proof to investigate LIG1 and LIG2 as potential HDAC inhibitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Aided Drug Design and Drug Discovery)
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Article
Predicting Cellular Rejection of Renal Allograft Based on the Serum Proteomic Fingerprint
by Luís Ramalhete, Miguel Bigotte Vieira, Rúben Araújo, Emanuel Vigia, Inês Aires, Aníbal Ferreira and Cecília R. C. Calado
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073844 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is an essential medical procedure that significantly enhances the survival rates and quality of life for patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, despite advancements in immunosuppressive therapies, allograft rejection remains a leading cause of organ loss. Notably, predictions of cellular rejection [...] Read more.
Kidney transplantation is an essential medical procedure that significantly enhances the survival rates and quality of life for patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, despite advancements in immunosuppressive therapies, allograft rejection remains a leading cause of organ loss. Notably, predictions of cellular rejection processes primarily rely on biopsy analysis, which is not routinely performed due to its invasive nature. The present work evaluates if the serum proteomic fingerprint, as acquired by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, can predict cellular rejection processes. We analyzed 28 serum samples, corresponding to 17 without cellular rejection processes and 11 associated with cellular rejection processes, as based on biopsy analyses. The leave-one-out-cross validation procedure of a Naïve Bayes model enabled the prediction of cellular rejection processes with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC > 0.984). The serum proteomic profile was obtained in a high-throughput mode and based on a simple, rapid, and economical procedure, making it suitable for routine analyses and large-scale studies. Consequently, the current method presents a high potential to predict cellular rejection processes translatable to clinical scenarios, and that should continue to be explored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proteomic Analysis of Kidney Diseases)
Article
Techno-Economic Analysis of Grid-Connected Hydrogen Production via Water Electrolysis
by Pengcheng Zhu, Masahiro Mae and Ryuji Matsuhashi
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071653 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
As the global energy landscape transitions towards a more sustainable future, hydrogen has emerged as a promising energy carrier due to its potential to decarbonize various sectors. However, the economic competitiveness of hydrogen production by water electrolysis strongly depends on renewable energy source [...] Read more.
As the global energy landscape transitions towards a more sustainable future, hydrogen has emerged as a promising energy carrier due to its potential to decarbonize various sectors. However, the economic competitiveness of hydrogen production by water electrolysis strongly depends on renewable energy source (RES) availability. Thus, it is necessary to overcome the challenges related to the intermittent nature of RESs. This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of complementing green hydrogen production with grid electricity. An evaluation model for the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is proposed, considering both CO2 emissions and the influence of RES fluctuations on electrolyzers. A minimum load restriction is required to avoid crossover gas. Moreover, a new operation strategy is developed for hydrogen production plants to determine optimal bidding in the grid electricity market to minimize the LCOH. We evaluate the feasibility of the proposed approach with a case study based on data from the Kyushu area in Japan. The results show that the proposed method can reduce the LCOH by 11% to 33%, and increase hydrogen productivity by 86% to 140%, without significantly increasing CO2 emission levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)
Article
An Intelligent Detection and Classification Model Based on Computer Vision for Pavement Cracks in Complicated Scenarios
by Yue Wang, Qingjie Qi, Lifeng Sun, Wenhao Xian, Tianfang Ma, Changjia Lu and Jingwen Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2909; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072909 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
With the extension of road service life, cracks are the most significant type of pavement distress. To monitor road conditions and avoid excessive damage, pavement crack detection is absolutely necessary and an indispensable part of road periodic maintenance and performance assessment. The development [...] Read more.
With the extension of road service life, cracks are the most significant type of pavement distress. To monitor road conditions and avoid excessive damage, pavement crack detection is absolutely necessary and an indispensable part of road periodic maintenance and performance assessment. The development and application of computer vision have provided modern methods for crack detection, which are low in cost, less labor-intensive, continuous, and timely. In this paper, an intelligent model based on a target detection algorithm in computer vision was proposed to accurately detect and classify four classes of cracks. Firstly, by vehicle-mounted camera capture, a dataset of pavement cracks with complicated backgrounds that are the most similar to actual scenarios was built, containing 4007 images and 7882 crack samples. Secondly, the YOLOv5 framework was improved from the four aspects of the detection layer, anchor box, neck structure, and cross-layer connection, and thereby the network’s feature extraction capability and small-sized-target detection performance were enhanced. Finally, the experimental results indicated that the proposed model attained an AP of the four classes of 81.75%, 83.81%, 98.20%, and 92.83%, respectively, and a mAP of 89.15%. In addition, the proposed model achieved a 2.20% missed detection rate, representing a 6.75% decrease over the original YOLOv5. These results demonstrated the effectiveness and practicality of our proposed model in addressing the issues of low accuracy and missed detection for small targets in the original network. Overall, the implementation of computer vision-based models in crack detection can promote the intellectualization of road maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning for Structural Health Monitoring)
Article
Excellent Photoelectro-Catalytic Performance of In2S3/NiFe-LDH Prepared by a Two-Step Method
by Xiaona Liu, Zhenzhen Li, Wenxia Liu, Huili Wang, Zhaoping Song, Dehai Yu and Guodong Li
Catalysts 2024, 14(4), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14040230 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this work, we synthesize hierarchical In2S3/NiFe-layered double hydroxide (In2S3/NiFe-LDH) nanoarrays on an F-doped SnO2 glass substrate via a two-step method, which the In2S3 electrode film was firstly prepared using chemical [...] Read more.
In this work, we synthesize hierarchical In2S3/NiFe-layered double hydroxide (In2S3/NiFe-LDH) nanoarrays on an F-doped SnO2 glass substrate via a two-step method, which the In2S3 electrode film was firstly prepared using chemical bath deposition on F-doped SnO2 glass substrate, and then the layered NiFe-LDH was deposited on In2S3 electrode film by hydrothermal synthesis. The two-component photoanode In2S3/NiFe-LDH exhibits significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical properties compared with the In2S3 single-component; due to that, the NiFe-LDH nanosheets depositing on the surface of In2S3 nanocrystal can reduce the accumulation of photogenic holes, facilitate the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, and enhance the light response and absorption. After being decorated with the NiFe-LDH nanosheets, the In2S3/NiFe-LDH photoanode displays a lower onset potential of 0.06 V and an enhanced photocurrent density as high as 0.30 mA·cm−2 at the potential of 1.0 V (vs. RHE). Furthermore, it also displays a 90% degradation rate of xylose oxidizing into xylose acid in 3 h under UV light. This work provides a promising approach for designing new heterojunctions applied to biomass degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Catalysis)
Article
A Descriptive-Predictive–Prescriptive Framework for the Social-Media–Cryptocurrencies Relationship
by Alexandru-Costin B?roiu and Adela B?ra
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071277 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The research presented in this paper is the first to introduce a thorough Descriptive-Predictive–Prescriptive (DPP) Framework for comprehending the interaction between social media and cryptocurrencies. Recognizing the underexplored domain of the social-media–cryptocurrency interaction, we delve into its many aspects, better understanding present dynamics, [...] Read more.
The research presented in this paper is the first to introduce a thorough Descriptive-Predictive–Prescriptive (DPP) Framework for comprehending the interaction between social media and cryptocurrencies. Recognizing the underexplored domain of the social-media–cryptocurrency interaction, we delve into its many aspects, better understanding present dynamics, forecasting potential future trajectories, and prescribing best solutions for stakeholders. We evaluate social media speech and behavior connected to cryptocurrencies using big data analytics, translating raw data into meaningful insights using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques like sentiment analysis. When applied to an experimental dataset, the DPP nets superior results compared to the baseline approach, displaying an improvement of 3.44% of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) metric and 4.59% of the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) metric. The unique DPP framework enables a more in-depth assessment of social media’s influence on cryptocurrency trends, and lays the path for strategic decision-making in this nascent but rapidly developing field of study. Full article
15 pages, 11512 KiB  
Article
New Model and Finite Element Analysis of the Anti-Extrusion Strength of Backfill Drilling Pipelines
by Hao Li, Hongjiang Wang and Chunkang Liu
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040365 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Currently, in some domestic and foreign mines, the backfill drilling pipeline experiences a rupture phenomenon even when the wear degree is low. This results in a delay in production due to the filling becoming ‘sick’. This paper presents, for the first time, the [...] Read more.
Currently, in some domestic and foreign mines, the backfill drilling pipeline experiences a rupture phenomenon even when the wear degree is low. This results in a delay in production due to the filling becoming ‘sick’. This paper presents, for the first time, the damage mechanism from a mechanical perspective and re-derives the anti-extrusion strength model of the backfill drilling pipeline. We investigate the influence of the law on the anti-extrusion strength of pipelines from the perspective of strata and cement rings. We then verify the theoretical and simulation results through engineering examples. The results demonstrate that the Mises stress criterion is a suitable modification principle for the anti-extrusion strength model of the backfill drilling pipeline. The anti-extrusion strength of the pipeline is related to the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the stratum, and the thickness of the cement ring. It is negatively affected by the depth of the stratum. For hard strata, a cement ring with a smaller elastic modulus is suitable, while for soft stratum, a cement ring with a larger elastic modulus is recommended. When the missing angle of the cement ring is less than 60°, the stress concentration factor increases up to 2.2. The stress unloading capacity of the cement ring ranges from 32.7% to 37.8%, and optimal performance of the cement ring is achieved when it has high strength and low rigidity. The backfill filling pipeline of a copper mine abroad was destroyed due to external extrusion force exceeding its anti-extrusion strength value. The modified pipeline anti-extrusion strength model is 18.2% higher than the pipeline API strength value. This finding can inform the design of the backfill filling pipeline for China’s kilometer-deep wells in the future. Full article
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Article
Loranthus tanakae Franch. and Sav. Attenuates Respiratory Inflammation Caused by Asian Sand Dust
by Se-Jin Lee, So-Won Pak, A Yeong Lee, Woong-Il Kim, Sung-Wook Chae, Young-Kwon Cho, Je-Won Ko, Tae-Won Kim, Jong-Choon Kim, Byeong Cheol Moon, Yun-Soo Seo and In-Sik Shin
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040419 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Asian sand dust (ASD), generally produced in East Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea, directly leads to the development of pulmonary disease and exacerbates underlying pulmonary diseases. Loranthus tanakae Franch. and Sav. is a traditional herbal medicine applied to improve various inflammatory conditions. [...] Read more.
Asian sand dust (ASD), generally produced in East Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea, directly leads to the development of pulmonary disease and exacerbates underlying pulmonary diseases. Loranthus tanakae Franch. and Sav. is a traditional herbal medicine applied to improve various inflammatory conditions. Here, we evaluated the curative properties of L. tanakae ethanol extract (LTE) against pulmonary inflammation caused by ASD. Additionally, to investigate the mechanism of action of LTE, we performed network pharmacological analysis. ASD was administrated on day 1, 3, and 5 by intranasal instillation, and LTE was orally administered for 6 days. Administration of LTE significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines and the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which was accompanied by a decrease in inflammatory cell accumulation in pulmonary tissue. Administration of LTE decreased the expression of cyclooxygenase2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in mice exposed to ASD with the decline in p65 phosphorylation. Additionally, administration of LTE significantly elevated hemeoxygenase (HO)-1 expression in the pulmonary tissue of mice exposed to ASD. These results were consistent with the data of network pharmacological analysis. This experiment showed that LTE attenuated pulmonary inflammation caused by ASD via inhibition of NF-κB and elevation of HO-1. Therefore, LTE may have potential as a therapeutic agent to treat pulmonary inflammation caused by ASD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
26 pages, 4888 KiB  
Article
Designing a Reverse Logistics Network for End-of-Life Vehicles in an Uncertain Environment
by Meiling He, Qipeng Li, Tianhe Lin, Jiangyang Fan, Xiaohui Wu and Xun Han
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040140 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The strategic development of reverse logistics networks is crucial for addressing the common challenge of low recovery rates for end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in China. To minimize the total cost of the reverse logistics network for ELVs, this paper proposes a mixed-integer linear programming [...] Read more.
The strategic development of reverse logistics networks is crucial for addressing the common challenge of low recovery rates for end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in China. To minimize the total cost of the reverse logistics network for ELVs, this paper proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. The model considers the recycling volume of different vehicle types, facility processing capacity, and the proportions of parts and materials. Building on this foundation, a fuzzy mixed-integer nonlinear programming (FMINLP) model is developed to account for the inherent uncertainty associated with recycling volumes and facility processing capacities. The model was solved using Lingo, and its effectiveness was validated using Jiangsu Province of China as a case study, followed by a sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that dismantling and machining centers incur the highest processing costs. Variations in recycling volume and facility handling capacity significantly impact total costs and site selection, with the former having a more pronounced effect. Increasing facility processing capacity effectively increases the recovery rate. Moreover, a higher confidence level corresponds to higher total costs and a greater demand for facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Vehicle System Dynamics and Control)
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12 pages, 2175 KiB  
Systematic Review
Visceral Adipose Tissue Depth as a Novel Predictor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
by Weikun Li, Yi Jiang, Ling Feng and Jun Yu
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040557 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The escalating prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the limitations associated with utilizing body mass index (BMI) as a predictive measure underscore the imperative need for identifying an optimal early pregnancy predictor. Such a predictor not only mitigates [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The escalating prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the limitations associated with utilizing body mass index (BMI) as a predictive measure underscore the imperative need for identifying an optimal early pregnancy predictor. Such a predictor not only mitigates the risk of GDM but also allows for timely implementation of interventions. Materials and Methods: This meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) depth and the risk of GDM. A thorough search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to 30 September 2023. The analysis employed a random-effects model to assess the relationship between VAT depth and the likelihood of GDM. Results: The inclusion criteria encompassed seven studies involving 1315 women, including 225 diagnosed with GDM. Significantly lower VAT depth was observed in the non-GDM group in comparison to the GDM group (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD]: 0.84; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.52–1.15; p < 0.001). Substantial statistical heterogeneity was noted among studies (I2 = 72.88%, p = 0.001). Through meticulous sensitivity and subgroup analyses, the source of heterogeneity was identified and thoroughly discussed. Subgroup analyses suggest that different GDM diagnostic criteria and VAT definitions all indicate higher VAT depth in GDM patients during early pregnancy. Conclusions: Our findings propose that, during the first trimester, GDM patients exhibit higher VAT depth compared to non-GDM women, highlighting VAT depth as a potential predictive factor for GDM in early pregnancy. This study contributes valuable evidence to the growing body of knowledge surrounding novel predictors for GDM, emphasizing the importance of early intervention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)
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15 pages, 698 KiB  
Article
Effects of Manual Therapy Plus Pain Neuroscience Education with Integrated Motivational Interviewing in Individuals with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study
by Konstantinos Kasimis, Thomas Apostolou, Ilias Kallistratos, Dimitrios Lytras and Paris Iakovidis
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040556 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP) persists beyond 12 weeks. Manual therapy recommended for CNLBP demonstrates short-term efficacy. Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) teaches patients to modify pain perception through explanations, metaphors, and examples, targeting brain re-education. Motivational Interviewing (MI) [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP) persists beyond 12 weeks. Manual therapy recommended for CNLBP demonstrates short-term efficacy. Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) teaches patients to modify pain perception through explanations, metaphors, and examples, targeting brain re-education. Motivational Interviewing (MI) enhances motivation for behavioral change, steering patients away from ambivalence and uncertainty. These approaches collectively address the multifaceted nature of CNLBP for effective management. The aim of this study was to investigate a manual therapy intervention combined with PNE with MI on pain, pressure pain threshold (PPT), disability, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and low back functional ability in individuals experiencing CNLBP. Materials and Methods: Sixty adults with CNLBP were randomly divided into three equal groups (each n = 20). The first group received manual therapy and PNE with integrated MI (combined therapy group), the second group underwent only manual therapy (manual therapy group), and the third group followed a general exercise program at home (control group). Pain in the last 24 h was assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), functional ability with the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), PPT in the lumbar region through pressure algometry, kinesiophobia with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), catastrophizing with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and performance using the Back Performance Scale (BPS) at baseline, in the fourth week, and six months post-intervention. Results: Statistically significant differences between the intervention groups and the control group were found in both the fourth-week measurement and the six-month follow-up, as evident in the NPRS and RMDQ scores, as well as in the total values of tested PPTs (p < 0.05). Differences were also observed between the two intervention groups, with a statistically greater improvement in the combined therapy group at both time points (fourth week and six-month follow-up) (p < 0.05). Regarding the TSK and PCS scores in the fourth week, statistically significant differences were observed between the two intervention groups compared to the control group, as well as between the two intervention groups (p < 0.05). However, in the six-month follow-up, statistically significant differences were found only between the combined therapy group and the other two groups, with the combined therapy group showing significant improvements (p < 0.05). In relation to BPS, both intervention groups exhibited statistically significant differences compared to the control group in the fourth week, without any significant differences between the two intervention groups. However, in the six-month follow-up, significant differences were noted between the combined therapy group and the other two groups (p < 0.05), with combined therapy demonstrating greater improvement. Conclusions: The addition of PNE with integrated MI enhanced the positive effects of a manual therapy intervention in all outcome measures. The combination of manual therapy plus PNE with integrated MI appeared to provide greater improvements compared to the isolated application of manual therapy, and these improvements also lasted longer. These short- and long-term positive effects are likely attributed to the combination of PNE with integrated MI, which contributed to increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. Further studies are required to investigate the optimum dosage of manual therapy and PNE with integrated MI in individuals with CNLBP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurology)
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18 pages, 42038 KiB  
Article
LAEA: A 2D LiDAR-Assisted UAV Exploration Algorithm for Unknown Environments
by Xiaolei Hou, Zheng Pan, Li Lu, Yuhang Wu, Jinwen Hu, Yang Lyu and Chunhui Zhao
Drones 2024, 8(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8040128 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In UAV autonomous exploration, large frontier clusters are commonly associated with high information gain and are visited first. In contrast, small and isolated frontier clusters with fewer frontiers are associated with smaller information gain and are thus explored with low priority. However, these [...] Read more.
In UAV autonomous exploration, large frontier clusters are commonly associated with high information gain and are visited first. In contrast, small and isolated frontier clusters with fewer frontiers are associated with smaller information gain and are thus explored with low priority. However, these small and isolated frontier clusters are often in close proximity to UAVs and surrounded by explored areas, which could result in back-and-forth flights that lower exploration efficiency. This paper proposes LAEA, a LiDAR-assisted and depth camera-dominated UAV exploration algorithm that aims to improve UAV autonomous exploration efficiency. A hybrid map is obtained that characterizes rich environmental profile information in real time, enabling us to detect small and isolated frontier clusters that can lead to repeated visits to explored areas. An environmental information gain optimization strategy is incorporated such that frontier clusters with larger unexplored areas behind them, as well as small and isolated frontier clusters close to the UAV, are assigned higher weights to prioritize their visit order. An optimized flight trajectory is generated to cover unexplored frontier clusters in the immediate vicinity of the UAV while flying to the next target. A comprehensive comparison between the proposed algorithm and state-of-the-art algorithms was conducted via a simulation study, which showed that our algorithm exhibits superior exploration efficiency in various environments. Experiments were also carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach in real-world scenarios. Full article
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14 pages, 3956 KiB  
Article
Quality Evaluation and Identification of Phyllanthi fructus (Yuganzi) Based on the Spectrum-Effect Relationship
by Weiwei Zhou, Bencheng Wu, Ling Liu, Jun Li, Dongdong Shi and Xiumei Li
Separations 2024, 11(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11040104 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
To establish a quality evaluation and identification method for Phyllanthi fructus (Yuganzi), the spectrum-effect relationship was explored. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint was established using ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using a total antioxidant capacity assay kit. [...] Read more.
To establish a quality evaluation and identification method for Phyllanthi fructus (Yuganzi), the spectrum-effect relationship was explored. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint was established using ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using a total antioxidant capacity assay kit. Similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were performed to establish the spectrum-effect relationships. Thirteen batches of Yuganzi were collected for testing. The results revealed that the optimal chromatographic conditions for the HPLC fingerprint were as follows: the mobile phase consisted of 0.1% phosphoric acid solution (A) and acetonitrile (B), the detection wavelength was 214 nm, the column temperature was 30 °C, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. Among the batches of samples, the similarity values of 10 samples (S1–S10) from Yunnan were larger than 0.995; the similarity values of 3 samples (S11–S13) from India, Gaoligong Mountain, and Fujian were less than or equal to 0.986. Furthermore, nineteen characteristic peaks of Yuganzi were calibrated using fingerprint evaluation software. The study on the spectrum-effect relationship further revealed that compounds corresponding to peaks 5 and 8 were potentially key ingredients for the quality evaluation and identification of Yuganzi, closely related to the stable antioxidant activities of Yuganzi. The spectrum-effect relationship is an agile and efficient approach that can ensure the intra-assay stability of Yuganzi from same region and identify Yuganzi from different regions. Compounds with antioxidant activity can be identified as quality markers for Yuganzi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analysis of Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals)
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11 pages, 594 KiB  
Article
Disentangling Gender and Relative Age Effects in Women’s and Girls’ Rugby Union
by Adam L. Kelly, Diogo Coutinho, John M. Radnor, Kate Burke, Donald Barrell, Daniel Jackson and Paolo R. Brustio
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020061 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Relative age effects (RAEs) within sports refer to the overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in the selection year and the underrepresentation of those born later in the selection year. Research examining RAEs in women’s and girls’ rugby union remains limited in comparison to [...] Read more.
Relative age effects (RAEs) within sports refer to the overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in the selection year and the underrepresentation of those born later in the selection year. Research examining RAEs in women’s and girls’ rugby union remains limited in comparison to the male literature, whilst the impacts of RAEs on the youth–senior transition are yet to be explored in a female sport context. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine RAEs during entry into the women’s and girls’ premiership and international rugby union pathways in England, as well as to compare them to their respective senior cohort (n = 1367): (a) U18 England Rugby Centre of Excellence Player (n = 325) vs. Senior Premiership Player (n = 868), and (b) U18 England Player (n = 49) vs. Senior England Player (n = 125). Chi-square (χ2) analyses compared birth quarter (BQ) distributions against expected distributions. The findings revealed no significant difference in BQ distributions at either youth or senior levels, as well as no significant differences in the BQ distributions of those who were likely to transition from youth to senior levels (all p > 0.05). Importantly, though, descriptive statistics showed a skewed birthdate distribution in both U18 England Rugby Centre of Excellence Player (BQ1 = 30% vs. BQ4 = 20%) and U18 England Player cohorts (BQ1 = 33% vs. BQ4 = 18%). We highlight the gender-specific mechanisms that potentially explain the variations between male and female RAEs in rugby union, including developmental differences, sport popularity, and sociocultural norms. We also warn against a ‘copy and paste’ template from the male provision to ensure the recent growth of female rugby union does not fall victim to the same RAEs in the future. Full article
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14 pages, 2348 KiB  
Article
Jitter Measurements of 1 cm2 LGADs for Space Experiments
by Ashish Bisht, Leo Cavazzini, Matteo Centis Vignali, Fabiola Caso, Omar Hammad Ali, Francesco Ficorella, Maurizio Boscardin and Giovanni Paternoster
Instruments 2024, 8(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020027 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This work explores the possibility of using Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) for tracker-based experiments studying Charged Cosmic Rays (CCRs) in space. While conventional silicon microstrip sensors provide only spatial information about the charged particle passing through the tracker, LGADs have the potential [...] Read more.
This work explores the possibility of using Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) for tracker-based experiments studying Charged Cosmic Rays (CCRs) in space. While conventional silicon microstrip sensors provide only spatial information about the charged particle passing through the tracker, LGADs have the potential to provide additional timing information with a resolution in the order of tens of picoseconds. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that an LGAD with an active area of approximately 1 cm2 can achieve a jitter of less than 40 ps. A comparison of design and gain layers is carried out to understand which provides the best time resolution. For this purpose, laboratory measurements of sensors’ electrical properties and gain using LED and an Infrared laser, as well as their jitter, were performed. Full article
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11 pages, 221 KiB  
Article
Visiting with Elders—Aging, Caregiving, and Planning for Future Generations of American Indians and Alaska Natives
by Cole Allick and Marija Bogic
Genealogy 2024, 8(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8020036 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: To address the importance of engaging American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a dialogue about healthy aging and fill the gap in the scholarly literature on this topic. (2) Methods: This study conducted a listening session with Elders who attended [...] Read more.
(1) Background: To address the importance of engaging American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a dialogue about healthy aging and fill the gap in the scholarly literature on this topic. (2) Methods: This study conducted a listening session with Elders who attended the 2021 National Indian Council on Aging (NICOA) Annual Conference in Reno, Nevada. The listening session was audio-recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis by two analysts. (3) Results: Important insights regarding American Indian and Alaska Native Elders’ perspectives on planning for future care and aging-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. (4) Conclusions: This study is one of the first to engage American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a conversation about health aging. Calls for intergenerational solidarity, protection of Elders, education, and relationality were found to be important themes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Health and Wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples)
16 pages, 2999 KiB  
Article
A Study of Thermal Runaway Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Predictive Numerical Modeling Techniques
by Alexander Sorensen, Vivek Utgikar and Jeffrey Belt
Batteries 2024, 10(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040116 - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
While thermal runaway characterization and prediction is an important aspect of lithium-ion battery engineering and development, it is a requirement to ensure that a battery system can be safe under normal operations and during failure events. This study investigated the current existing literature [...] Read more.
While thermal runaway characterization and prediction is an important aspect of lithium-ion battery engineering and development, it is a requirement to ensure that a battery system can be safe under normal operations and during failure events. This study investigated the current existing literature regarding lithium-ion battery thermal runaway characterization and predictive modeling methods. A thermal model for thermal runaway prediction was adapted from the literature and is presented in this paper along with a comparison of empirical data and predicted data using the model. Empirical data were collected from a Samsung 30Q 18650 cylindrical cell and from a large 20 Ah pouch cell format using accelerated rate calorimetry. The predictive model was executed in a macro-enabled Microsoft Excel workbook for simplicity and accessibility for the public. The primary purpose of using more primitive modeling software was to provide an accurate model that was generally accessible without the purchase of or training in a specific modeling software package. The modes of heat transfer during the thermal runaway event were studied and are reported in this work, along with insights on thermal management during a thermal runaway failure event. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advances in Battery Management Systems)
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