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21 pages, 4189 KiB  
Article
Integrated Active and Reactive Power Control Methods for Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution Systems for Enhancing Hosting Capacity
by Phi-Hai Trinh and Il-Yop Chung
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071642 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Recently, there has been a significant increase in the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as small-scale photovoltaic systems and wind turbines in power distribution systems. When the aggregated outputs of DERs are combined, excessive reverse current may occur in distribution lines, [...] Read more.
Recently, there has been a significant increase in the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as small-scale photovoltaic systems and wind turbines in power distribution systems. When the aggregated outputs of DERs are combined, excessive reverse current may occur in distribution lines, leading to overvoltage issues and exceeding thermal limits of the distribution lines. To address these issues, it is necessary to limit the output of DERs to a certain level, which results in constraining the hosting capacity of DERs in the distribution system. In this paper, coordination control methodologies of DERs are developed and executed to mitigate the overvoltage and overcurrent induced by DERs, thereby increasing the hosting capacity for DERs of the distribution system. This paper proposes three coordinated approaches of active and reactive power control of DERs, namely Var Precedence, Watt Precedence, and Integrated Watt and Var Control. The Var and Watt Precedence prioritizes reactive power for voltage (Q–V) and active power for current (P–I) to address network congestion, thereby enhancing hosting capacity. Conversely, the Integrated Var and Watt Precedence propose a novel algorithm that combines four control indices (Q–V, P–V, Q–I, and P–I) to solve network problems while maximizing hosting capacity. The three proposed methods are based on the sensitivity analysis of voltage and current to the active and reactive power outputs at the DER installation locations on the distribution lines, aiming to minimize DER active power curtailment. Each sensitivity is derived from linearized power equations at the operating points of the distribution system. To minimize the computation burden of iterative computation, each proposed method decouples active and reactive power and proceeds with sequential control in its own unique way, iteratively determining the precise output control of distributed power sources to reduce linearization errors. The three proposed algorithms are verified via case studies, evaluating their performance compared to conventional approaches. The case studies exhibit superior control effectiveness of the proposed DER power control methods compared to conventional methods when issues such as overvoltage and overcurrent occur simultaneously in the distribution line so that the DER hosting capacity of the system can be improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research and Practice of Smart Electric Power Systems)
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12 pages, 2673 KiB  
Article
Schwartz Symmetry Condition for Coherent Diffraction Imaging Patterns
by Eduardo X. Miqueles, Tiago Kalile and Yuri R. Tonin
Symmetry 2024, 16(4), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040399 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
We demonstrate a symmetry condition for the mixed partial derivatives of measured data when performing a coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) experiment for differentiable samples under scientific investigation. The proposed condition can be used as a physical restriction to improve real data measurements and [...] Read more.
We demonstrate a symmetry condition for the mixed partial derivatives of measured data when performing a coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) experiment for differentiable samples under scientific investigation. The proposed condition can be used as a physical restriction to improve real data measurements and has been used within the most celebrated phase-retrieval inversion algorithms as an ad hoc constraint without proof. The symmetry relies on John’s ultrahyperbolic equation for the X-ray transform, which is also demonstrated to be valid in the imaging regime for CDI. The obtained conditions are easy to implement and can be used as a constraint by computational imaging methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Symmetry and Complex Systems)
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29 pages, 5793 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome-Wide N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Methylation Analyses in a Compatible Wheat–Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Interaction
by Elif Naz Cerav, Nan Wu and Mahinur S. Akkaya
Plants 2024, 13(7), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070982 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA, tRNA, miRNA, and long non-coding RNA. It is also known for its role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive m6A transcriptome-wide map [...] Read more.
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA, tRNA, miRNA, and long non-coding RNA. It is also known for its role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive m6A transcriptome-wide map for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infections in wheat (Triticum aestivum) is currently unavailable. Our study is the first to profile m6A modifications in wheat infected with a virulent Pst race. Analysis of RNA-seq and MeRIP-seq data revealed that the majority of differentially expressed genes are up-regulated and hyper-methylated. Some of these genes are enriched in the plant–pathogen interaction pathway. Notably, genes related to photosynthesis showed significant down-regulation and hypo-methylation, suggesting a potential mechanism facilitating successful Pst invasion by impairing photosynthetic function. The crucial genes, epitomizing the core molecular constituents that fortify plants against pathogenic assaults, were detected with varying expression and methylation levels, together with a newly identified methylation motif. Additionally, m6A regulator genes were also influenced by m6A modification, and their expression patterns varied at different time points of post-inoculation, with lower expression at early stages of infection. This study provides insights into the role of m6A modification regulation in wheat’s response to Pst infection, establishing a foundation for understanding the potential function of m6A RNA methylation in plant resistance or susceptibility to pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology and Genomics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions)
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12 pages, 721 KiB  
Article
Lipid Profile, Eating Habit, and Physical Activity in Children with Down Syndrome: A Prospective Study
by Luca Pecoraro, Melissa Zadra, Francesco Cavallin, Silvana Lauriola, Giorgio Piacentini and Angelo Pietrobelli
Diseases 2024, 12(4), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12040068 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Children with Down Syndrome (DS) frequently undergo health challenges, including a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. We aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary and physical advice provided by a specialized pediatrician over two years. In this prospective study, 44 children with [...] Read more.
Children with Down Syndrome (DS) frequently undergo health challenges, including a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. We aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary and physical advice provided by a specialized pediatrician over two years. In this prospective study, 44 children with DS, aged 2 to 17, underwent outpatient follow-up visits every six months between December 2020 and May 2023. Dietary habits, physical activities, anthropometric data, and laboratory results were recorded at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical activity were investigated using the ‘KIDMED’ and ‘Godin–Shepard Leisure-Time’ questionnaires, respectively, completed by the parents of the children. Venous blood samples were taken to determine the lipid profile. A significant reduction in BMI z-scores (p = 0.006) and an improvement in Godin–Shepard questionnaire scores (p = 0.0004) were observed. On the other hand, the lipid profile worsened, with an increase in LDL-c (p = 0.04) and a decrease in HDL-c (p = 0.03). Children with DS may benefit from an educational program on nutrition and physical activity to optimize weight control. Different interventions should target the lipid profile. Preventive intervention and follow-up by the pediatrician are essential for DS, which should continue into adulthood. Full article
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14 pages, 1794 KiB  
Article
Exploring Possible Links: Thigh Muscle Mass, Apolipoproteins, and Glucose Metabolism in Peripheral Artery Disease—Insights from a Pilot Sub-Study following Endovascular Treatment
by Takeshi Ikeda, Hidenori Komiyama, Tomoyo Miyakuni, Masamichi Takano and Kuniya Asai
Metabolites 2024, 14(4), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14040192 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) compromises walking and physical activity, which results in further loss of skeletal muscle. The cross-sectional area of the thigh muscle has been shown to be correlated with systemic skeletal muscle volume. In our previous pilot study, we observed an [...] Read more.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) compromises walking and physical activity, which results in further loss of skeletal muscle. The cross-sectional area of the thigh muscle has been shown to be correlated with systemic skeletal muscle volume. In our previous pilot study, we observed an increase in thigh muscle mass following endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients with proximal vascular lesions affecting the aortoiliac and femoropopliteal arteries. Considering the potential interactions between skeletal muscle, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism, we aimed to investigate the relationship between thigh muscle mass and apolipoproteins as well as glucose metabolism in PAD patients undergoing EVT. This study is a prespecified sub-study conducted as part of a pilot study. We prospectively enrolled 22 symptomatic patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and above-the-knee lesions, specifically involving the blood vessels supplying the thigh muscle. The mid-thigh muscle area was measured with computed tomography before and 6 months after undergoing EVT. Concurrently, we measured levels of apolipoproteins A1 (Apo A1) and B (Apo B), fasting blood glucose, 2 h post-load blood glucose (using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Changes in thigh muscle area (delta muscle area: 2.5 ± 8.1 cm2) did not show significant correlations with changes in Apo A1, Apo B, fasting glucose, 2 h post-oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose, HbA1c, or Rutherford classification. However, among patients who experienced an increase in thigh muscle area following EVT (delta muscle area: 8.41 ± 5.93 cm2), there was a significant increase in Apo A1 (pre: 121.8 ± 15.1 mg/dL, 6 months: 136.5 ± 19.5 mg/dL, p < 0.001), while Apo B remained unchanged (pre: 76.4 ± 19.2 mg/dL, 6 months: 80.5 ± 4.9 mg/dL). Additionally, post-oral glucose tolerance test 2 h blood glucose levels showed a decrease (pre: 189.7 ± 67.5 mg/dL, 6 months: 170.6 ± 69.7 mg/dL, p = 0.075). Patients who exhibited an increase in thigh muscle area demonstrated more favorable metabolic changes compared to those with a decrease in thigh muscle area (delta muscle area: −4.67 ± 2.41 cm2). This pilot sub-study provides insights into the effects of EVT on thigh muscle, apolipoproteins, and glucose metabolism in patients with PAD and above-the-knee lesions. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and establish their clinical significance. The trial was registered on the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000047534). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Clinical Metabolic Research)
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22 pages, 9872 KiB  
Article
Causes and Effects of Climate Change 2001 to 2021, Peru
by Vicenta Irene Tafur Anzualdo, Felipe Aguirre Chavez, Miluska Vega-Guevara, Doris Esenarro and Jesica Vilchez Cairo
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2863; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072863 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Climate change is an imminent threat to humanity that brings significant environmental, social, and economic consequences worldwide, with population growth and deforestation among these effects. The research aims to analyze the causes and effects of climate change over the last 30 years. Various [...] Read more.
Climate change is an imminent threat to humanity that brings significant environmental, social, and economic consequences worldwide, with population growth and deforestation among these effects. The research aims to analyze the causes and effects of climate change over the last 30 years. Various sources of information were analyzed to interpret the consequences; therefore, it is important to understand and analyze the causes and effects of climate change, generating information on temperature trends, precipitation, and glacier loss from 1990 to 2020. The evidence of the increase in the average temperature of the planet is becoming increasingly solid. The average annual temperature in the Coast region ranges from 21.1 to 22.6 °C, in the Sierra region from 12.6 to 14.4 °C, and in the Jungle region from 22.7 to 25.7 °C. Annual average precipitation in the Coast region varies from 22.3 to 174.1 mm, in the Highlands region from 570 to 834.3 mm, and in the Jungle region from 1156 to 2093 mm. The White Mountain Range has lost approximately 40.5% of its total glacier coverage on average, and between 1996 and 2019 the amount of tropical glaciers has decreased by 28.17%. It was concluded that the threats of climate change are increasingly evident, due not only to environmental pollution but also to the various human activities that generate changes in the environment. Full article
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13 pages, 4861 KiB  
Article
Cellular Immunity of Drosophila willistoni Reveals Novel Complexity in Insect Anti-Parasitoid Defense
by Gy?ngyi Cinege, Kinga Fodor, Lilla B. Magyar, Zoltán Lipinszki, Dan Hultmark and István Andó
Cells 2024, 13(7), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13070593 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Coevolution of hosts and their parasites has shaped heterogeneity of effector hemocyte types, providing immune defense reactions with variable effectiveness. In this work, we characterize hemocytes of Drosophila willistoni, a species that has evolved a cellular immune system with extensive variation and [...] Read more.
Coevolution of hosts and their parasites has shaped heterogeneity of effector hemocyte types, providing immune defense reactions with variable effectiveness. In this work, we characterize hemocytes of Drosophila willistoni, a species that has evolved a cellular immune system with extensive variation and a high degree of plasticity. Monoclonal antibodies were raised and used in indirect immunofluorescence experiments to characterize hemocyte subpopulations, follow their functional features and differentiation. Pagocytosis and parasitization assays were used to determine the functional characteristics of hemocyte types. Samples were visualized using confocal and epifluorescence microscopy. We identified a new multinucleated giant hemocyte (MGH) type, which differentiates in the course of the cellular immune response to parasitoids. These cells differentiate in the circulation through nuclear division and cell fusion, and can also be derived from the central hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland. They have a binary function as they take up bacteria by phagocytosis and are involved in the encapsulation and elimination of the parasitoid. Here, we show that, in response to large foreign particles, such as parasitoids, MGHs differentiate, have a binary function and contribute to a highly effective cellular immune response, similar to the foreign body giant cells of vertebrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cellular Immunology)
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17 pages, 1268 KiB  
Systematic Review
Language and Communication Interventions in People with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review
by Nefeli K. Dimitriou, Anastasia Nousia, Eleni-Nefeli Georgopoulou, Maria Martzoukou, Ioannis Liampas, Efthimios Dardiotis and Grigorios Nasios
Healthcare 2024, 12(7), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070741 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Although language impairment is frequently observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (pwAD), targeted language rehabilitation is often overlooked. The present study reviews published evidence on the impact of language training, either alone or in combination with cognitive training, on cognitive outcomes in pwAD. [...] Read more.
Although language impairment is frequently observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (pwAD), targeted language rehabilitation is often overlooked. The present study reviews published evidence on the impact of language training, either alone or in combination with cognitive training, on cognitive outcomes in pwAD. A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane was carried out, including studies published from inception to November 2023. A total of eight research articles (four randomized controlled trials and four observational studies) met the inclusion criteria: six assessed language training combined with cognitive training and two evaluated language rehabilitation alone. Regarding language and non-language (mainly memory, attention, and executive functions) outcomes, there was a consensus among studies that language rehabilitation (alone or in combination with cognitive training) yields positive results. Some of the articles also explored the impact on patients’ and their caregivers’ quality of life, with all but one showing improvement. Consequently, the combination of language and cognitive training leads to improvements across various cognitive domains. However, limited evidence supports the value of sole language rehabilitation. This conclusion is influenced by heterogeneity among studies (different types and duration of interventions, small participant sets, various assessment tools), and, thus, further research is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rehabilitation Program for Orthopedic and Neurological Patients)
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16 pages, 5943 KiB  
Article
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Enhances P Uptake and Indole-3-Acetic Acid Accumulation to Improve Root Morphology in Different Citrus Genotypes
by Chunyan Liu, Xiaoniu Guo, Fengjun Dai and Qiangsheng Wu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040339 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant growth via stimulation of root system development. However, the extent of their effects and underlying mechanisms across different citrus genotypes remain to be fully elucidated. This study investigates the impact of Funneliformis mosseae ( [...] Read more.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant growth via stimulation of root system development. However, the extent of their effects and underlying mechanisms across different citrus genotypes remain to be fully elucidated. This study investigates the impact of Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae) inoculation on plant growth performance, root morphology, phosphorus (P), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations, as well as the expression of related synthesis and transporter genes in three citrus genotypes: red tangerine (Citrus tangerine ex. Tanaka), kumquat (Fortunella margarita L. Swingle), and fragrant citrus (Citrus junos Sieb. ex. Tanaka). Following 12 weeks of inoculation, significant improvements were observed in plant height, shoot and root biomass, total root length, average root diameter, second-order lateral root development, root hair density, and root hair length across all genotypes. Additionally, F. mosseae inoculation significantly increased root P and IAA concentrations in the three citrus genotypes. Notably, phosphatase activity was enhanced in F. margarita but reduced in C. tangerine and C. junos following inoculation. Gene expression analysis revealed a universal upregulation of the P transporter gene PT5, whereas expressions of the auxin synthesis gene YUC2, transporter gene LAX2, and phosphatase gene PAP1 were commonly downregulated. Specific to genotypes, expressions of YUC5, LAX5, PIN2, PIN3, PIN6, and expansin genes EXPA2 and EXPA4 were significantly upregulated in C. tangerine but downregulated in F. margarita and C. junos. Principal component analysis and correlation assessments highlighted a strong positive association between P concentration, P and auxin synthesis, and transporter gene expressions with most root morphology traits, except for root average diameter. Conversely, IAA content and phosphatase activities were negatively correlated with these root traits. These findings suggest that F. mosseae colonization notably enhances plant growth and root system architecture in citrus genotypes via modifications in P transport and IAA accumulation, indicating a complex interplay between mycorrhizal symbiosis and host plant physiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citrus Plant Growth and Fruit Quality)
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18 pages, 280 KiB  
Article
Does Entrepreneurship Education Deliver? A Review of Entrepreneurship Education University Programmes in the UK
by Matthew Rogers-Draycott, David Bozward, Kelly Smith, Mokuba Mave, Vic Curtis and Dean Maragh
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040361 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The student is a consumer of education and is motivated by their graduate outcomes. Entrepreneurship provides the opportunity for substantially greater graduate outcomes, but does it deliver? This paper reviews the undergraduate bachelor Entrepreneurship Education Programmes (EEPs) offered by universities in the UK. [...] Read more.
The student is a consumer of education and is motivated by their graduate outcomes. Entrepreneurship provides the opportunity for substantially greater graduate outcomes, but does it deliver? This paper reviews the undergraduate bachelor Entrepreneurship Education Programmes (EEPs) offered by universities in the UK. It explores the active and engaged approaches to learning through the module themes offered and considers the challenges of using routinely collected data to understand the impact of these programmes. By using data which is publicly available, we build a national viewpoint on the subjects that lead to greater continuation, student satisfaction and earning potential. The results of this study provide five key insights about EEPs. First, they focus mainly on entrepreneurship but lack a high proportion of entrepreneurship-specific modules. Comparative analysis with other disciplines is needed for context. Second, the number of entrepreneurship modules generally increases throughout the programme, but researchers face challenges such as ambiguous module naming. Third, EEP students show lower satisfaction than those studying for other business degrees, indicating a potential impact of unique pedagogies. Fourth, higher EEP continuation rates are not evident, although this may be mitigated by more selective entry requirements. Finally, EEP graduates have higher employability rates than their business degree counterparts but lower initial earnings, reflecting their entrepreneurial career paths. From this work, we identified a range of calls for further research and suggestions for practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurship Education: Challenged and Challenging)
31 pages, 2068 KiB  
Article
Interrelation between Sustainable Dynamic Capabilities, Corporate Sustainability, and Sustained Competitive Advantage
by Nadeem Bari, Ranga Chimhundu and Ka Ching Chan
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2864; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072864 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Achieving sustained competitive advantage in the current business landscape has become an important challenge for both the service and manufacturing sectors. Based on the thematic analysis of the empirical data from expert interviews of 46 professionals from Australia and Pakistan, this study puts [...] Read more.
Achieving sustained competitive advantage in the current business landscape has become an important challenge for both the service and manufacturing sectors. Based on the thematic analysis of the empirical data from expert interviews of 46 professionals from Australia and Pakistan, this study puts forward a framework to achieve sustained competitive advantage. The research employs a dynamic capability (DC) theory lens and creates a foundation for the “sustainable dynamic capabilities” concept for future research. The findings affirm that (1) sustainable dynamic capabilities lead to sustained competitive advantage, (2) sustainable dynamic capabilities lead to corporate sustainability, (3) corporate sustainability leads to sustainable dynamic capabilities, and (4) corporate sustainability acts as a mediator between sustainable dynamic capabilities and sustained competitive advantage. By utilising the proposed framework, practitioners can clearly define their strategies to achieve competitive advantage by implementing sustainability practices. The findings of this research clearly pinpoint the interrelationship between sustainability practices and sustained competitive advantage, and sustainability should be taken as a dynamic capability itself, opening up new avenues for future research. Full article
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20 pages, 18424 KiB  
Article
Accurate Recognition of Jujube Tree Trunks Based on Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization Image Enhancement and Improved YOLOv8
by Shunkang Ling, Nianyi Wang, Jingbin Li and Longpeng Ding
Forests 2024, 15(4), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040625 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The accurate recognition of tree trunks is a prerequisite for precision orchard yield estimation. Facing the practical problems of complex orchard environment and large data flow, the existing object detection schemes suffer from key issues such as poor data quality, low timeliness and [...] Read more.
The accurate recognition of tree trunks is a prerequisite for precision orchard yield estimation. Facing the practical problems of complex orchard environment and large data flow, the existing object detection schemes suffer from key issues such as poor data quality, low timeliness and accuracy, and weak generalization ability. In this paper, an improved YOLOv8 is designed on the basis of data flow screening and enhancement for lightweight jujube tree trunk accurate detection. Firstly, the key frame extraction algorithm was proposed and utilized to efficiently screen the effective data. Secondly, the CLAHE image data enhancement method was proposed and used to enhance the data quality. Finally, the backbone of the YOLOv8 model was replaced with a GhostNetv2 structure for lightweight transformation, also introducing the improved CA_H attention mechanism. Extensive comparison and ablation results show that the average precision of the quality-enhanced dataset over that of the original dataset increases from 81.2% to 90.1%, and the YOLOv8s-GhostNetv2-CA_H model proposed in this paper reduces the model size by 19.5% compared to that of the YOLOv8s base model, with precision increasing by 2.4% to 92.3%, recall increasing by 1.4%, [email protected] increasing by 1.8%, and FPS being 17.1% faster. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
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11 pages, 3299 KiB  
Article
Applying Self-Supervised Learning to Image Quality Assessment in Chest CT Imaging
by Eléonore Pouget and Véronique Dedieu
Bioengineering 2024, 11(4), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040335 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Many new reconstruction techniques have been deployed to allow low-dose CT examinations. Such reconstruction techniques exhibit nonlinear properties, which strengthen the need for a task-based measure of image quality. The Hotelling observer (HO) is the optimal linear observer and provides a lower bound [...] Read more.
Many new reconstruction techniques have been deployed to allow low-dose CT examinations. Such reconstruction techniques exhibit nonlinear properties, which strengthen the need for a task-based measure of image quality. The Hotelling observer (HO) is the optimal linear observer and provides a lower bound of the Bayesian ideal observer detection performance. However, its computational complexity impedes its widespread practical usage. To address this issue, we proposed a self-supervised learning (SSL)-based model observer to provide accurate estimates of HO performance in very low-dose chest CT images. Our approach involved a two-stage model combining a convolutional denoising auto-encoder (CDAE) for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction and a support vector machine for classification. To evaluate this approach, we conducted signal detection tasks employing chest CT images with different noise structures generated by computer-based simulations. We compared this approach with two supervised learning-based methods: a single-layer neural network (SLNN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). The results showed that the CDAE-based model was able to achieve similar detection performance to the HO. In addition, it outperformed both SLNN and CNN when a reduced number of training images was considered. The proposed approach holds promise for optimizing low-dose CT protocols across scanner platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advance of Machine Learning in Biomedical Image Analysis)
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14 pages, 6412 KiB  
Article
Process-Based Modeling of Phenology and Radial Growth in Pinus tabuliformis in Response to Climate Factors over a Cold and Semi-Arid Region
by Zihong Man, Junzhou Zhang, Junjun Liu, Li Liu, Jiqin Yang and Zongying Cao
Plants 2024, 13(7), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070980 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: Climate change significantly impacts the phenology and dynamics of radial tree growth in alpine dryland forests. However, there remains a scarcity of reliable information on the physiological processes of tree growth and cambial phenology in response to long-term climate change in [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Climate change significantly impacts the phenology and dynamics of radial tree growth in alpine dryland forests. However, there remains a scarcity of reliable information on the physiological processes of tree growth and cambial phenology in response to long-term climate change in cold and semi-arid regions. (2) Methods: We employed the process-based Vaganov–Shashkin (VS) model to simulate the phenology and growth patterns of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) in the eastern Qilian Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The model was informed by observed temperature and precipitation data to elucidate the relationships between climate factors and tree growth. (3) Results: The simulated tree-ring index closely aligned with the observed tree-ring chronology, validating the VS model’s effectiveness in capturing the climatic influences on radial growth and cambial phenology of P. tabuliformis. The model outputs revealed that the average growing season spanned from mid-April to mid-October and experienced an extension post-1978 due to ongoing warming trends. However, it is important to note that an increase in the duration of the growing season did not necessarily result in a higher level of radial growth. (4) Conclusions: While the duration of the growing season was primarily determined by temperature, the growth rate was predominantly influenced by water conditions during the growing season, making it the most significant factor contributing to ring formation. Our study provides valuable insights into the potential mechanisms underlying tree growth responses to climate change in cold and semi-arid regions. Full article
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13 pages, 268 KiB  
Review
Role of Palliative Care in the Supportive Management of AL Amyloidosis—A Review
by Muhammad Hamza Habib, Yun Kyoung Ryu Tiger, Danai Dima, Mathias Schl?gl, Alexandra McDonald, Sandra Mazzoni, Jack Khouri, Louis Williams, Faiz Anwer and Shahzad Raza
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071991 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis is a plasma–cell disorder with a poor prognosis. It is a progressive condition, causing worsening pain, disability, and life-limiting complications involving multiple organ systems. The medical regimen can be complex, including chemotherapy or immunotherapy for the disease itself, as well [...] Read more.
Light chain amyloidosis is a plasma–cell disorder with a poor prognosis. It is a progressive condition, causing worsening pain, disability, and life-limiting complications involving multiple organ systems. The medical regimen can be complex, including chemotherapy or immunotherapy for the disease itself, as well as treatment for pain, gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory symptoms, and various secondary symptoms. Patients and their families must have a realistic awareness of the illness and of the goals and limitations of treatments in making informed decisions about medical therapy, supportive management, and end-of-life planning. Palliative care services can thus improve patients’ quality of life and may even reduce overall treatment costs. Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a clonal plasma cell disorder characterized by the excessive secretion of light chains by an indolent plasma cell clone that gradually accumulates in vital organs as amyloid fibrils and leads to end-organ damage. With progressive disease, most patients develop diverse clinical symptoms and complications that negatively impact quality of life and increase mortality. Complications include cardiac problems including heart failure, hypotension, pleural effusions, renal involvement including nephrotic syndrome with peripheral edema, gastrointestinal symptoms leading to anorexia and cachexia, complex pain syndromes, and mood disorders. The prognosis of patients with advanced AL amyloidosis is dismal. With such a complex presentation, and high morbidity and mortality rates, there is a critical need for the establishment of a palliative care program in clinical management. This paper provides an evidence-based overview of the integration of palliative care in the clinical management of AL amyloidosis as a means of reducing ER visits, rehospitalizations, and in-hospital mortality. We also discuss potential future collaborative directions in various aspects of clinical care related to AL amyloidosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of AL Amyloidosis)
11 pages, 2479 KiB  
Article
Antihistamine Medication Blunts Localized-Vibration-Induced Increases in Popliteal Blood Flow
by Devin Needs, Jonathan Blotter, Gilbert W. Fellingham, Glenn Cruse, Jayson R. Gifford, Aaron Wayne Johnson and Jeffrey Brent Feland
Vibration 2024, 7(2), 351-361; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7020017 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Localized vibration (LV) of the lower leg increases arterial blood flow (BF). However, it is unclear how LV causes this increase. Understanding the mechanisms of this response could lead to the optimized future use of LV as a therapy. One possible mechanism of [...] Read more.
Localized vibration (LV) of the lower leg increases arterial blood flow (BF). However, it is unclear how LV causes this increase. Understanding the mechanisms of this response could lead to the optimized future use of LV as a therapy. One possible mechanism of LV-mediated BF is through histamine release by mechanosensitive mast cells. The purpose of this study was to measure the BF response of 21 recreationally active young adults (11 male, 10 female, mean age 22.1 years) after 47 Hz and 10 min LV to the calf, with and without antihistamine medication (180 mg Fexofenadine). Each participant received both control (no antihistamine) and antihistamine (treatment) conditions separated by at least 24 h. BF ultrasound measurements (mean and peak blood velocity, volume flow, popliteal diameter, and heart rate) were taken before LV therapy and periodically for 19 min post LV. Using a cell means mixed model, we found that LV significantly increased the control mean blood velocity immediately post LV but did not significantly increase the antihistamine mean blood velocity immediately post LV. Therefore, we hypothesize that a primary mechanism of LV increase in BF is histamine release from mechano-sensing mast cells, and that this response is force-dependent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)
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23 pages, 11049 KiB  
Article
Effect of Anodic Oxidation Pulse Voltage on Antibacterial Properties and Biocompatibility of Ti-Ag Alloy
by Zhen Ma, Yudong Yan, Chang Shi, Kexin Di, Jianwei Xu, Qicong Liu, Liting Mu, Jianming Zheng, Jiali Hu and Erlin Zhang
Coatings 2024, 14(4), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14040405 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
For the application of titanium and titanium alloys in orthopedic implant materials, the antibacterial properties and cell biocompatibility determine whether the implant surgery is successful. In this study, a functional anodic oxidation (AO) coating was successfully prepared to modify the surface of Ti-Ag [...] Read more.
For the application of titanium and titanium alloys in orthopedic implant materials, the antibacterial properties and cell biocompatibility determine whether the implant surgery is successful. In this study, a functional anodic oxidation (AO) coating was successfully prepared to modify the surface of Ti-Ag alloy. The surface characteristics of the anodized Ti-Ag alloy were analyzed using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. The corrosion characteristics of Ti-Ag samples were tested by an electrochemical workstation. In addition, the antibacterial properties and cell activity were studied by the plate count method and MC3T3-E1 cell staining. The results indicate that the AO process can generate a multi-functional TiO2/Ag2O coating with a large number of block and flower-like structures on the surface of a Ti-Ag alloy. When the AO voltage of the sample is 120 V, the maximum roughness is 0.73 μm and the minimum wetting degree is 23°, which improves the biocompatibility. The corrosion test results show that AO treatment can improve the corrosion resistance of a Ti-Ag alloy. The oxidation voltage is 20 V and the coating has the best corrosion resistance. The corrosion open circuit potential (Eocp) is 107.621 mV and the corrosion current density (icorr) is 2.241 × 10−8 A·cm−2. This coating can promote ion release and show more than 99% of a strong antibacterial ability against S. aureus. The results of the compatibility evaluation by cultured cells showed that the multifunctional coating formed by the anodic oxidation process did not cause cytotoxicity and promoted the adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic and Metallic Biomaterials. Application in Medical Sciences)
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8 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
Cosmological Mass of the Photon Related to Stueckelberg and Higgs Mechanisms
by Lorenzo Gallerani Resca
Particles 2024, 7(2), 289-296; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles7020017 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
I consider the electro-weak (EW) masses and interactions generated by photons using vacuum expectation values of Stueckelberg and Higgs fields. I provide a prescription to relate their parametric values to a cosmological range derived from the fundamental Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Einstein–de [...] Read more.
I consider the electro-weak (EW) masses and interactions generated by photons using vacuum expectation values of Stueckelberg and Higgs fields. I provide a prescription to relate their parametric values to a cosmological range derived from the fundamental Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Einstein–de Sitter cosmological constant and horizon. This yields qualitative connections between microscopic ranges acquired by W± or Z0 gauge Bosons and the cosmological scale and minimal mass acquired by g-photons. I apply this procedure to an established Stueckelberg–Higgs mechanism, while I consider a similar procedure for a pair of Higgs fields that may spontaneously break all U(1) × SU(2) gauge invariances. My estimates of photon masses and their additional parity-breaking interactions with leptons and neutrinos may be detectable in suitable accelerator experiments. Their effects may also be observable astronomically through massive g-photon condensates that may contribute to dark matter and dark energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for Particles 2023)
13 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture and Bone Mineral Density in Young Women, Including Selected Hormonal Parameters
by El?bieta Sowińska-Przepiera, Mariola Krzy?cin, Igor Syrenicz, Adrianna ?wiertnia, Adrianna Orlińska, Dorota ?wiek, Dorota Branecka-Wo?niak, Aneta Cymbaluk-P?oska, ?ana Bumbulien? and Anhelli Syrenicz
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040758 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The absence of non-invasive methods for assessing bone material and structural changes is a significant diagnostic challenge. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) testing is the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis. BMD and the trabecular bone score (TBS) have facilitated targeted [...] Read more.
The absence of non-invasive methods for assessing bone material and structural changes is a significant diagnostic challenge. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) testing is the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis. BMD and the trabecular bone score (TBS) have facilitated targeted osteoporosis prevention and treatment in clinical settings. The findings from this study indicate that BMD modulation in young women is influenced by various hormones, potentially compromising the diagnostic precision of BMD for subclinical bone demineralization. A total of 205 women aged 19 to 37 underwent anthropometric measurements and hormonal tests. BMD was determined using DXA, and TBS values were computed from the lumbar spine L1–L4 segment. The multivariate analysis findings suggest that BMD might not be determined by hormones. The relationship between TBS and TSH was statistically significant in the univariate analysis, which indicates the efficacy of further studies to determine the link between TBS and specific hormones. Analyzing the strength of the correlation between TBS and hormones in the univariate analysis shows which factors are worth considering in further analyses. This makes it possible to create better techniques that will help identify young women who are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Full article
13 pages, 972 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Microglia on Neuroplasticity and Long-Term Cognitive Sequelae in Long COVID: Impacts on Brain Development and Beyond
by Luana da Silva Chagas and Claudio Alberto Serfaty
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3819; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073819 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability [...] Read more.
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability to undergo full experience-dependent plasticity in adults. Since neuroinflammation is a known key element in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, one might expect the dysregulation of microglial function to severely impact both functional and structural plasticity, leading to the cognitive sequelae that appear in the pathogenesis of Long COVID. Therefore, understanding this complex scenario is mandatory for establishing the possible molecular mechanisms related to these symptoms. In the present review, we will discuss Long COVID and its association with reduced levels of BDNF, altered crosstalk between circulating immune cells and microglia, increased levels of inflammasomes, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the alterations in signaling pathways that impact neural synaptic remodeling and plasticity, such as fractalkines, the complement system, the expression of SIRPα and CD47 molecules and altered matrix remodeling. Together, these complex mechanisms may help us understand consequences of Long COVID for brain development and its association with altered brain plasticity, impacting learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as cognitive decline in adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Microglia Research)
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18 pages, 769 KiB  
Review
Synthetic Cathinones: Epidemiology, Toxicity, Potential for Abuse, and Current Public Health Perspective
by Shanshan Chen, Wenhua Zhou and Miaojun Lai
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040334 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, derived from cathinone found in the plant Catha edulis, represent the second largest and most frequently seized group of new psychoactive substances. They are considered as β-keto analogs of amphetamine, sharing pharmacological effects with amphetamine and cocaine. This review describes the [...] Read more.
Synthetic cathinones, derived from cathinone found in the plant Catha edulis, represent the second largest and most frequently seized group of new psychoactive substances. They are considered as β-keto analogs of amphetamine, sharing pharmacological effects with amphetamine and cocaine. This review describes the neurotoxic properties of synthetic cathinones, encompassing their capacity to induce neuroinflammation, dysregulate neurotransmitter systems, and alter monoamine transporters and receptors. Additionally, it discusses the rewarding and abuse potential of synthetic cathinones drawing from findings obtained through various preclinical animal models, contextualized with other classical psychostimulants. The review also offers an overview of current abuse trends of synthetic cathinones on the illicit drug market, specifying the aspects covered, and underscores the risks they pose to public health. Finally, the review discusses public health initiatives and efforts to reduce the hazards of synthetic cathinones, including harm reduction methods, education, and current clinical management strategies. Full article
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18 pages, 6859 KiB  
Article
Advanced Synthesis and Characterization of CdO/CdS/ZnO Heterostructures for Solar Energy Applications
by Yana Suchikova, Sergii Kovachov, Ihor Bohdanov, Zhakyp T. Karipbayev, Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy, Anastasiia Lysak, Vladimir Pankratov and Anatoli I. Popov
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071566 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative method for synthesizing Cadmium Oxide /Cadmium Sulfide/Zinc Oxide heterostructures (CdO/CdS/ZnO), emphasizing their potential application in solar energy. Utilizing a combination of electrochemical deposition and oxygen annealing, the research provides a thorough analysis of the heterostructures through scanning electron [...] Read more.
This study introduces an innovative method for synthesizing Cadmium Oxide /Cadmium Sulfide/Zinc Oxide heterostructures (CdO/CdS/ZnO), emphasizing their potential application in solar energy. Utilizing a combination of electrochemical deposition and oxygen annealing, the research provides a thorough analysis of the heterostructures through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The findings reveal a complex surface morphology and a composite structure with significant contributions from hexagonal CdS and cubic CdO phases. The study highlights the uniformity in the distribution of luminescent centers and the crystalline quality of the heterostructures, which is evident from the PL analysis. The redshift observed in the emission peak and the additional peaks in the excitation spectrum indicate intricate optical properties influenced by various factors, including quantum confinement and lattice strain. The research demonstrates these heterostructures’ potential in enhancing solar cells’ efficiency and applicability in optoelectronic devices. This comprehensive characterization and analysis pave the way for future optimization and application in efficient and sustainable solar energy solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Electronic Applications)
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15 pages, 2791 KiB  
Article
The Potential of Bioactive Fish Collagen Oligopeptides against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced NIH/3T3 and HUVEC Damage: The Involvement of the Mitochondria
by Na Zhu, Rui Liu, Meihong Xu and Yong Li
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071004 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Extensive in vivo investigations have demonstrated the antioxidant properties of fish collagen oligopeptides (FCOPs). One of the main causes of aging and chronic non-communicable diseases is oxidative stress. Therefore, FCOPs have a broad range of applications in illness prevention and delaying aging from [...] Read more.
Extensive in vivo investigations have demonstrated the antioxidant properties of fish collagen oligopeptides (FCOPs). One of the main causes of aging and chronic non-communicable diseases is oxidative stress. Therefore, FCOPs have a broad range of applications in illness prevention and delaying aging from the standpoint of the “food is medicine” theory. However, the mechanisms that underpin the antioxidant activity of FCOPs are not completely understood. The specific objective of this essay was to investigate the antioxidant effect of FCOPs and its possible mechanism at the cellular level. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH/3T3 and human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 200 µM hydrogen peroxide containing different concentrations of FCOPs for 4 h and were supplemented with different concentrations of FCOPs for 24 h. Normal growth medium without FCOPs was applied for control cells. An array of assays was used to evaluate the implications of FCOPs on cellular oxidative stress status, cellular homeostasis, inflammatory levels, and mitochondrial function. We found that FCOPs exerted a protective effect by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activities and cell viability, inhibiting cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, suppressing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) secretion, downregulating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, protecting mitochondrial membrane potential, and increasing ATP synthesis and NAD+ activities in both cells. FCOPs had a stronger antioxidant impact on NIH/3T3 than on HUVECs, simultaneously increasing glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content in NIH/3T3. These findings indicate that FCOPs have antioxidant effects on different tissue cells damaged by oxidative stress. FCOPs were therefore found to promote cellular homeostasis, inhibit inflammation, and protect mitochondria. Meanwhile, better health outcomes will be achieved by thoroughly investigating the effective dose and intervention time of FCOPs, as the absorption efficiency of FCOPs varies in different tissue cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Peptides: Challenges and Opportunities)
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