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3 pages, 165 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial: Multiple Myeloma: Molecular Mechanism and Targeted Therapy
by Despina Bazou and Paul Dowling
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073799 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder representing the second most common blood cancer [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple Myeloma: Molecular Mechanism and Targeted Therapy)
17 pages, 1397 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Projection Method of Electronic Navigational Charts for Polar Navigation
by Chenchen Jiao, Xiaoxia Wan, Houpu Li and Shaofeng Bian
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040577 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Electronic navigational charts (ENCs) are geospatial databases compiled in strict accordance with the technical specifications of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is a Geographic Information System (GIS) operated by ENCs for real-time navigation at sea, which [...] Read more.
Electronic navigational charts (ENCs) are geospatial databases compiled in strict accordance with the technical specifications of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is a Geographic Information System (GIS) operated by ENCs for real-time navigation at sea, which is one of the key technologies for intelligent ships to realize autonomous navigation, intelligent decision-making, and other functions. Facing the urgent demand for high-precision and real-time nautical chart products for polar navigation under the new situation, the projection of ENCs for polar navigation is systematically analyzed in this paper. Based on the theory of complex functions, we derive direct transformations of Mercator projection, polar Gauss-Krüger projection, and polar stereographic projection. A rational set of dynamic projection options oriented towards polar navigation is proposed with reference to existing specifications for the compilation of the ENCs. From the perspective of nautical users, rather than the GIS expert or professional cartographer, an ENCs visualization idea based on multithread-double buffering is integrated into Polar Region Electronic Navigational Charts software, which effectively solves the problem of large projection distortion in polar navigation applications. Taking the CGCS2000 reference ellipsoid as an example, the numerical analysis shows that the length distortion of the Mercator projection is less than 10% in the region up to 74°, but it is more than 80% at very high latitudes. The maximum distortion of the polar Gauss-Krüger projection does not exceed 10%. The degree of distortion of the polar stereographic projection is less than 1% above 79°. In addition, the computational errors of the direct conversion formulas do not exceed m throughout the Arctic range. From the point of view of the computational efficiency of the direct conversion model, it takes no more than 0.1 s to compute nearly 8 million points at resolution, which fully meets the demand for real-time nautical chart products under information technology conditions. Full article
16 pages, 3909 KiB  
Article
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Novel Acetonitrile–Water Extract of Lens Culinaris against LPS-Induced Damage in Caco-2 Cells
by Fatima Maqoud, Antonella Orlando, Domenico Tricarico, Marina Antonacci, Annamaria Di Turi, Gianluigi Giannelli and Francesco Russo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073802 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Natural compounds like flavonoids preserve intestinal mucosal integrity through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, some flavonoids show prebiotic abilities, promoting the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria. This study investigates the protective impact of Lens culinaris extract (LE), which is [...] Read more.
Natural compounds like flavonoids preserve intestinal mucosal integrity through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, some flavonoids show prebiotic abilities, promoting the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria. This study investigates the protective impact of Lens culinaris extract (LE), which is abundant in flavonoids, on intestinal mucosal integrity during LPS-induced inflammation. Using Caco-2 cells as a model for the intestinal barrier, the study found that LE did not affect cell viability but played a cytoprotective role in the presence of LPS. LE improved transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and tight junction (TJ) protein levels, which are crucial for barrier integrity. It also countered the upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes TRPA1 and TRPV1 induced by LPS and reduced pro-inflammatory markers like TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-8. Moreover, LE reversed the LPS-induced upregulation of AQP8 and TLR-4 expression. These findings emphasize the potential of natural compounds like LE to regulate the intestinal barrier and reduce inflammation’s harmful effects on intestinal cells. More research is required to understand their mechanisms and explore therapeutic applications, especially for gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
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11 pages, 1497 KiB  
Article
4H-SiC/SiO2 Interface Degradation in 1.2 kV 4H-SiC MOSFETs due to Power Cycling Tests
by Dahui Yoo, MiJin Kim, Inho Kang and Ho-Jun Lee
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071267 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Power cycling tests (PCTs) assess the reliability of power devices by closely simulating their operating conditions. A PCT was performed on commercially available 1.2 kV 4H-SiC power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors to observe its impact on the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy [...] Read more.
Power cycling tests (PCTs) assess the reliability of power devices by closely simulating their operating conditions. A PCT was performed on commercially available 1.2 kV 4H-SiC power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors to observe its impact on the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements showed variations in the length of the 4H-SiC/SiO2 transition layer, depending on whether the device was power cycled. Moreover, the total resistance at Vg >> Vt in Rtot − (Vg-Vt)−1 graph increased to 16.5%, while it changed more radically to 47.3% at Vg ≈ Vt. The threshold voltage shifted negatively. These variations cannot be expected solely through the wearout of the package. Full article
12 pages, 892 KiB  
Article
SMA Wire Use in Hybrid Twisting and Bending/Extending Soft Fiber-Reinforced Actuators
by Seyedreza Kashef Tabrizian, Fovel Cedric, Seppe Terryn and Bram Vanderborght
Actuators 2024, 13(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/act13040125 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Soft fiber-reinforced actuators have demonstrated significant potential across various robotics applications. However, the actuation motion in these actuators is typically limited to a single type of motion behavior, such as bending, extending, and twisting. Additionally, a combination of bending with twisting and extending [...] Read more.
Soft fiber-reinforced actuators have demonstrated significant potential across various robotics applications. However, the actuation motion in these actuators is typically limited to a single type of motion behavior, such as bending, extending, and twisting. Additionally, a combination of bending with twisting and extending with twisting can occur in fiber-reinforced actuators. This paper presents two novel hybrid actuators in which shape memory alloy (SMA) wires are used as reinforcement for pneumatic actuation, and upon electrical activation, they create a twisting motion. As a result, the hybrid soft SMA-reinforced actuators can select between twisting and bending, as well as twisting and extending. In pneumatic mode, a bending angle of 40° and a longitudinal strain of 20% were achieved for the bending/twisting and extending/twisting actuators, respectively. When the SMA wires are electrically activated by the Joule effect, the actuators achieved more than 90% of the maximum twisting angle (24°) in almost 2 s. Passive recovery, facilitated by the elastic response of the soft chamber, took approximately 10 s. The double-helical reinforcement by SMA wires not only enables twisting in both directions but also serves as an active recovery mechanism to more rapidly return the finger to the initial position (within 2 s). The resulting pneumatic–electric-driven soft actuators enhance dexterity and versatility, making them suitable for applications in walking robots, in-pipe crawling robots, and in-hand manipulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Actuators Based on Shape Memory Alloys)
15 pages, 2187 KiB  
Article
Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with the Photosensitizer Methylene Blue on Cerebral Endotheliocytes In Vitro
by Vladimir I. Makarov, Alexey S. Skobeltsin, Anton S. Averchuk, Arseniy K. Berdnikov, Milana V. Chinenkova, Alla B. Salmina and Victor B. Loschenov
Photonics 2024, 11(4), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040316 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Microvessels in tumor tissue play a crucial role in meeting the metabolic needs of transformed cells, controlling the entry of xenobiotics into tumor tissue, and regulating local inflammation that promotes metastasis. Methylene blue has photosensitizing properties and can also affect dysfunctional mitochondria. [...] Read more.
Background: Microvessels in tumor tissue play a crucial role in meeting the metabolic needs of transformed cells, controlling the entry of xenobiotics into tumor tissue, and regulating local inflammation that promotes metastasis. Methylene blue has photosensitizing properties and can also affect dysfunctional mitochondria. Methods: The study was performed on the primary culture of CECs. The cells underwent photodynamic treatment through 660 nm laser irradiation at a power density of 300 mW/cm2. The MTT, TMRE, and TUNEL assays were used to assess the survival, redox metabolism, mitochondrial activity, and apoptosis of CECs. Additionally, the metabolic activity of cells was evaluated using FLIM by measuring the fluorescence lifetime of NADH and FAD. Results: When CECs were incubated with MB, there was an increase in mitochondrial activity that was dependent on the concentration of MB. Additionally, mitochondrial activity increased when the CECs were exposed to 660 nm laser irradiation at an energy dose of up to 5 J/cm2. Following PDT, a slight shift towards oxidative phosphorylation was observed. Conclusions: In vitro application of MB accumulation or laser irradiation causes a shift in the redox status of CECs towards increased reducing activity, without causing any cell damage. However, the combined action of PS and laser radiation has the opposite effect on the redox status of cells, resulting in an increase in the oxidized form of FAD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phototheranostics: Science and Applications)
16 pages, 1596 KiB  
Article
Differential Analysis of Pomelo Peel Fermentation by Cordyceps militaris Based on Untargeted Metabolomics
by Yannan Xiang, Siyi Tian, Xinyu Luo, Chenggang Cai, Yaowen Du, Hailong Yang and Haiyan Gao
Processes 2024, 12(4), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040687 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The content of differentially abundant metabolites in the fermentation broth of grapefruit peels fermented by Cordyceps militaris at different fermentation times was analyzed via LC‒MS/MS. Small molecule metabolites and differential metabolic pathways were analyzed via multivariate analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and [...] Read more.
The content of differentially abundant metabolites in the fermentation broth of grapefruit peels fermented by Cordyceps militaris at different fermentation times was analyzed via LC‒MS/MS. Small molecule metabolites and differential metabolic pathways were analyzed via multivariate analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. A total of 423 metabolites were identified at 0, 2, 6, and 10 days after fermentation. Among them, 169 metabolites showed differential abundance, with significant differences observed between the fermentation liquids of every two experimental groups, and the metabolite composition in the fermentation liquid changed over the fermentation time. In summary, the upregulation and downregulation of metabolites in cancer metabolic pathways collectively promote the remodeling of cancer cell metabolism, facilitating increased glycolysis, alterations in TCA cycle flux, and enhanced biosynthesis of the macromolecules required for rapid proliferation and survival. This study provides new perspectives on the development of high-value-added agricultural and forestry byproducts and the development and research of functional foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Process Engineering)
40 pages, 10731 KiB  
Article
Intergenerational Transmission of Human Parenting Styles to Human–Dog Relationships
by Chih Hsin Kuo and Sharon Kessler
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071038 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Parenting style and intergenerational transmission have been extensively studied in parent–child relationships. As dogs are increasingly recognized as integral members of the family system, there is a growing interest in understanding how parenting behaviors directed towards dogs can also influence a dog’s behaviors. [...] Read more.
Parenting style and intergenerational transmission have been extensively studied in parent–child relationships. As dogs are increasingly recognized as integral members of the family system, there is a growing interest in understanding how parenting behaviors directed towards dogs can also influence a dog’s behaviors. However, the reasons why people adopt certain parenting behaviors towards dogs remain relatively unknown. This study delved into the intergenerational transmission of parenting styles from one’s upbringing to caregiving for dogs. Using a mixed methods approach with 391 dog caregivers and 10 interviews, this study employed multivariate linear regression and thematic analysis. Permissive parenting exhibited an intergenerational effect, with those experiencing it being more likely to replicate the style with their dogs. Orientation towards dogs emerged as a crucial mediator, with protectionistic attitudes reducing the likelihood of replicating authoritarian parenting. Humanistic and protectionistic orientation increased the likelihood of compensatory permissive behaviors. Insights from interviews underscored the impact of perceived childhood experiences on adopting specific parenting behaviors. Ultimately, this study provides valuable insights that can contribute to the promotion of appropriate caregiving behaviors toward dogs. By drawing on our understanding of child–parent relationships, addressing the underlying elements of human–dog dynamics may lead to positive outcomes both for dogs and their caregivers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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18 pages, 2843 KiB  
Article
Microbial Fermentation Enhances the Effect of Black Tea on Hyperlipidemia by Mediating Bile Acid Metabolism and Remodeling Intestinal Microbes
by Lingli Sun, Lianghua Wen, Qiuhua Li, Ruohong Chen, Shuai Wen, Xingfei Lai, Zhaoxiang Lai, Junxi Cao, Zhenbiao Zhang, Mengjiao Hao, Fanrong Cao and Shili Sun
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070998 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Black tea (BT), the most consumed tea worldwide, can alleviate hyperlipidemia which is a serious threat to human health. However, the quality of summer BT is poor. It was improved by microbial fermentation in a previous study, but whether it affects hypolipidemic activity [...] Read more.
Black tea (BT), the most consumed tea worldwide, can alleviate hyperlipidemia which is a serious threat to human health. However, the quality of summer BT is poor. It was improved by microbial fermentation in a previous study, but whether it affects hypolipidemic activity is unknown. Therefore, we compared the hypolipidemic activity of BT and microbially fermented black tea (EFT). The results demonstrated that BT inhibited weight gain and improved lipid and total bile acid (TBA) levels, and microbial fermentation reinforced this activity. Mechanistically, both BT and EFT mediate bile acid circulation to relieve hyperlipidemia. In addition, BT and EFT improve dyslipidemia by modifying the gut microbiota. Specifically, the increase in Lactobacillus johnsonii by BT, and the increase in Mucispirillum and Colidextribacter by EFT may also be potential causes for alleviation of hyperlipidemia. In summary, we demonstrated that microbial fermentation strengthened the hypolipidemic activity of BT and increased the added value of BT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association of Dietary Intake with Chronic Disease and Human Health)
11 pages, 664 KiB  
Article
Can Secondary Adhesive Capsulitis Complicate Calcific Tendinitis of the Rotator Cuff? An Ultrasound Imaging Analysis
by Giovanni Tuè, Oriana Masuzzo, Francesco Tucci, Marco Cavallo, Anna Parmeggiani, Fabio Vita, Alberto Patti, Danilo Donati, Alessandro Marinelli, Marco Miceli and Paolo Spinnato
Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(2), 579-589; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14020045 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Adhesive capsulitis (AC) of the glenohumeral joint is a recognized cause of pain associated with both active and passive restricted ranges of movement. AC can be subdivided into primary and secondary forms. Trauma, surgery, immobilization, and diabetes mellitus are the leading well-recognized [...] Read more.
Background: Adhesive capsulitis (AC) of the glenohumeral joint is a recognized cause of pain associated with both active and passive restricted ranges of movement. AC can be subdivided into primary and secondary forms. Trauma, surgery, immobilization, and diabetes mellitus are the leading well-recognized causes of secondary AC. Calcific tendinitis/tendinitis (CT) of the rotator cuff is considered a possible trigger for AC, as reported in a few previous articles. However, there are no original investigations that assess the frequency and characteristics of this association. The aim of our research was to evaluate the presence of AC in a cohort of patients with a known CT condition of the rotator cuff by an ultrasound (US) examination. Materials and methods: We prospectively enrolled all the patients admitted at our single institution (October 2022–June 2023) for the preoperative US evaluation of a known CT condition. In these patients, we searched for parameters related to secondary AC. An axillary pouch (AP) thickness equal to or greater than 4 mm (or greater than 60% of the contralateral AP) was considered diagnostic of AC. Moreover, rotator interval (RI) thickness and the presence of effusion within the long-head biceps tendon (LHBT) sheath was also assessed in all patients. Results: A total of 78 patients (54F, 24M—mean age = 50.0 and range = 31–71 y.o.) were enrolled in the study. In 26 of those patients (26/78—33.3%), US signs of AC were detected. Notably, the mean AP thickness in patients with AC and CT was 3.96 ± 1.37 mm (Group 1) and 2.08 ± 0.40 mm in patients with CT only (Group 2). RI thickness was significantly greater in patients with superimposed AC: 2.54 ± 0.38 mm in Group 1 and 1.81 ± 0.41 mm in Group 2 (p < 0.00001). Moreover, effusion within the LHBT was significantly more frequently detected in patients with AC: 84.61% in Group 1 versus 15.79% in Group 2—p < 0.00001. Conclusion: US signs of AC are found in one-third of patients with CT of the rotator cuff, demonstrating that AC represents a frequent complication that should be routinely evaluated during US investigation to provide more personalized treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shoulder Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment)
22 pages, 1870 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Cavitation Characteristics through Butterfly Valve under Different Regulation Conditions
by Guang Zhang, Runhua Hu, Dapeng Yin, Desheng Chen, Haolin Zhou and Zhe Lin
Processes 2024, 12(4), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040686 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Butterfly valves are widely used in the pipeline transportation industry due to their safety and reliability, as well as their low manufacturing and operation costs. Cavitation is a common phenomenon in the butterfly valve that can lead to serious damage to a valve’s [...] Read more.
Butterfly valves are widely used in the pipeline transportation industry due to their safety and reliability, as well as their low manufacturing and operation costs. Cavitation is a common phenomenon in the butterfly valve that can lead to serious damage to a valve’s components. Therefore, it is important to investigate the generation and evolution of cavitation in butterfly valves. In this study, LES and the Zwart model were used as the turbulence and cavitation models, respectively, to simulate cavitation through a butterfly valve. The influence of the valve opening degree and inlet flow velocity on dynamic cavitation through the butterfly valve were studied. Furthermore, the cavitated flow field was examined, along with the performance coefficients of the butterfly valve. With the increase in the incoming flow velocity, the high-speed jet zone over a large-range and low-pressure zone appeared inside the downstream of butterfly valve, which affected its stability and the cavitation generation through the valve. Furthermore, the flow coefficient decreased with the increase in vapor volume. In addition, the results indicated that cavitation was more easily induced for smaller valve opening degrees, and the interaction between cavitation and solid walls was stronger. Due to the existence of cavitation, the flow characteristics of butterfly valves are seriously affected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Process Control and Monitoring)
11 pages, 2242 KiB  
Article
Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry, Standard Automated Perimetry, and Optical Coherence Tomography in Dominant Optic Atrophy
by Marco Lombardo, Andrea Cusumano, Raffaele Mancino, Francesco Aiello, Roberto Pietro Sorge, Carlo Nucci and Massimo Cesareo
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071971 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Blue-yellow axis dyschromatopsia is well-known in Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA) patients, but there were no data on the correlation between retinal structure and short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) values in this pathology. Methods: In this cross-sectional case-control study, we assessed the correlation [...] Read more.
Background: Blue-yellow axis dyschromatopsia is well-known in Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA) patients, but there were no data on the correlation between retinal structure and short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) values in this pathology. Methods: In this cross-sectional case-control study, we assessed the correlation between best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), standard automated perimetry (SAP), SWAP, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters of 9 ADOA patients compared with healthy controls. Correlation analysis was performed between BCVA, mean deviation, pattern standard deviation (PSD), and fovea sensitivity (FS) values and the OCT thickness of each retinal layer and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL). Results: The following significant and strong correlations were found: between BCVA and ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the global (G) pRNFL thicknesses; between SAP FS and GCL and the G-pRNFL thicknesses; between SWAP PSD and total retina, GCL, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner retinal layer and the temporal pRNFL thicknesses. We found a constant shorter duration of the SITA-SWAP compared with the SITA-STANDARD strategy. Conclusions: SWAP, SAP, and BCVA values provided relevant clinical information about retinal involvement in our ADOA patients. The perimetric functional parameters that seemed to correlate better with structure involvement were FS on SAP and PSD on SWAP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Optic Nerve Diseases)
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13 pages, 992 KiB  
Review
Immune Response and Metastasis—Links between the Metastasis Driver MACC1 and Cancer Immune Escape Strategies
by Sebastian Torke, Wolfgang Walther and Ulrike Stein
Cancers 2024, 16(7), 1330; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071330 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Metastasis remains the most critical factor limiting patient survival and the most challenging part of cancer-targeted therapy. Identifying the causal drivers of metastasis and characterizing their properties in various key aspects of cancer biology is essential for the development of novel metastasis-targeting approaches. [...] Read more.
Metastasis remains the most critical factor limiting patient survival and the most challenging part of cancer-targeted therapy. Identifying the causal drivers of metastasis and characterizing their properties in various key aspects of cancer biology is essential for the development of novel metastasis-targeting approaches. Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is a prognostic and predictive biomarker that is now recognized in more than 20 cancer entities. Although MACC1 can already be linked with many hallmarks of cancer, one key process—the facilitation of immune evasion—remains poorly understood. In this review, we explore the direct and indirect links between MACC1 and the mechanisms of immune escape. Therein, we highlight the signaling pathways and secreted factors influenced by MACC1 as well as their effects on the infiltration and anti-tumor function of immune cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Development and Metastasis)
12 pages, 302 KiB  
Article
A Snapshot of Ongoing Transculturalism in Britain: Refugee NGO Website Personal Narratives and Global Border Crossing—A Case Study
by Eduardo De Gregorio-Godeo
Humanities 2024, 13(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/h13020058 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
With a focus on refugees’ written personal narratives on refugee NGO websites, this paper examines ongoing transculturalism in Britain and its interplay with globalization and current international migration. Conceiving such personal narratives as cultural texts pertaining to refugee narratives as a broad genre [...] Read more.
With a focus on refugees’ written personal narratives on refugee NGO websites, this paper examines ongoing transculturalism in Britain and its interplay with globalization and current international migration. Conceiving such personal narratives as cultural texts pertaining to refugee narratives as a broad genre that encompasses different storytelling modalities, those personal stories on refugee NGO websites are explored from a cultural studies perspective. CDA is employed as a methodology for this cultural studies-oriented piece. A qualitatively oriented case study is accordingly presented based on the detailed examination of an example of such written narratives on the website of one such refugee NGO in the UK so as to instantiate and contribute to disentangling the articulation of this characteristic form of ongoing transculturalism. Special emphasis is laid on the discursive construction of refugees’ transcultural identities in such narratives through their participation in those global border-crossing processes characteristic of the contemporary landscape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Border Politics & Refugee Narratives in Contemporary Literature)
11 pages, 1243 KiB  
Brief Report
Rescue of Methionine Dependence by Cobalamin in a Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line
by Sarita Garg and Isabelle R. Miousse
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070997 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Methionine dependence is a characteristic of most cancer cells where they are unable to proliferate when the essential amino acid methionine is replaced with its precursor homocysteine in the growing media. Normal cells, on the other hand, thrive under these conditions and are [...] Read more.
Methionine dependence is a characteristic of most cancer cells where they are unable to proliferate when the essential amino acid methionine is replaced with its precursor homocysteine in the growing media. Normal cells, on the other hand, thrive under these conditions and are referred to as methionine-independent. The reaction that adds a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine to regenerate methionine is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine synthase with the cofactor cobalamin (vitamin B12). However, decades of research have shown that methionine dependence in cancer is not due to a defect in the activity of methionine synthase. Cobalamin metabolism has been tied to the dependent phenotype in rare cell lines. We have identified a human colorectal cancer cell line in which the cells regain the ability to proliferation in methionine-free, L-homocystine-supplemented media when cyanocobalamin is supplemented at a level of 1 µg/mL. In human SW48 cells, methionine replacement with L-homocystine does not induce any measurable increase in apoptosis or reactive oxygen species production in this cell line. Rather, proliferation is halted, then restored in the presence of cyanocobalamin. Our data show that supplementation with cyanocobalamin prevents the activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) in methionine-deprived media in this cell line. The ISR-associated cell cycle arrest, characteristic of methionine-dependence in cancer, is also prevented, leading to the continuation of proliferation in methionine-deprived SW48 cells with cobalamin. Our results highlight differences between cancer cell lines in the response to cobalamin supplementation in the context of methionine dependence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methyl Nutrients and One-Carbon Metabolism in Chronic Diseases)
13 pages, 400 KiB  
Review
Clinical Patient-Relevant Outcome Domains for Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome—A Scoping Review and Expert Panels
by Ferdinand Bastiaens, Jessica T. Wegener, Raymond W. J. G. Ostelo, Bert-Kristian W. P. van Roosendaal, Kris C. P. Vissers and Miranda L. van Hooff
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1975; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071975 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Large variation exists in the monitoring of clinical outcome domains in patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome (PSPS). Furthermore, it is unclear which outcome domains are important from the PSPS patient’s perspective. The study objectives were to identify patient-relevant outcome domains for PSPS [...] Read more.
Large variation exists in the monitoring of clinical outcome domains in patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome (PSPS). Furthermore, it is unclear which outcome domains are important from the PSPS patient’s perspective. The study objectives were to identify patient-relevant outcome domains for PSPS and to establish a PSPS outcomes framework. PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and EMBASE were searched to identify studies reporting views or preferences of PSPS patients on outcome domains. The Arksey and O’Malley framework was followed to identify outcome domains. An expert panel rated the domains based on the importance for PSPS patients they have treated. A framework of relevant outcome domains was established using the selected outcome domains by the expert panel. No studies were found for PSPS type 1. Five studies with 77 PSPS type 2 patients were included for further analysis. Fourteen outcome domains were identified. An expert panel, including 27 clinical experts, reached consensus on the domains pain, daily activities, perspective of life, social participation, mobility, mood, self-reliance, and sleep. Eleven domains were included in the PSPS type 2 outcomes framework. This framework is illustrative of a more holistic perspective and should be used to improve the evaluation of care for PSPS type 2 patients. Further research is needed on the prioritization of relevant outcome domains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Chronic Pain)
30 pages, 4929 KiB  
Article
A Random Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Cosine Similarity for Global Optimization and Classification Problems
by Yujia Liu, Yuan Zeng, Rui Li, Xingyun Zhu, Yuemai Zhang, Weijie Li, Taiyong Li, Donglin Zhu and Gangqiang Hu
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040204 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In today’s fast-paced and ever-changing environment, the need for algorithms with enhanced global optimization capability has become increasingly crucial due to the emergence of a wide range of optimization problems. To tackle this issue, we present a new algorithm called Random Particle Swarm [...] Read more.
In today’s fast-paced and ever-changing environment, the need for algorithms with enhanced global optimization capability has become increasingly crucial due to the emergence of a wide range of optimization problems. To tackle this issue, we present a new algorithm called Random Particle Swarm Optimization (RPSO) based on cosine similarity. RPSO is evaluated using both the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) 2022 test dataset and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classification experiments. The RPSO algorithm builds upon the traditional PSO algorithm by incorporating several key enhancements. Firstly, the parameter selection is adapted and a mechanism called Random Contrastive Interaction (RCI) is introduced. This mechanism fosters information exchange among particles, thereby improving the ability of the algorithm to explore the search space more effectively. Secondly, quadratic interpolation (QI) is incorporated to boost the local search efficiency of the algorithm. RPSO utilizes cosine similarity for the selection of both QI and RCI, dynamically updating population information to steer the algorithm towards optimal solutions. In the evaluation using the CEC 2022 test dataset, RPSO is compared with recent variations of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and top algorithms in the CEC community. The results highlight the strong competitiveness and advantages of RPSO, validating its effectiveness in tackling global optimization tasks. Additionally, in the classification experiments with optimizing CNNs for medical images, RPSO demonstrated stability and accuracy comparable to other algorithms and variants. This further confirms the value and utility of RPSO in improving the performance of CNN classification tasks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms 2024)
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12 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Near-Freezing Temperature Storage Improves Peach Fruit Chilling Tolerance by Regulating the Antioxidant and Proline Metabolism
by Handong Zhao, Shuqi Meng, Maorun Fu and Qingmin Chen
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040337 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Chilling injury (CI) in peach fruit (Prunus persica cv. Yuhualu) is generally caused by long-time low temperature (5 °C or 0 °C) storage. However, peach fruit stored at near-freezing temperature (NFT in this research is −1 °C), defined as within 0.5 °C [...] Read more.
Chilling injury (CI) in peach fruit (Prunus persica cv. Yuhualu) is generally caused by long-time low temperature (5 °C or 0 °C) storage. However, peach fruit stored at near-freezing temperature (NFT in this research is −1 °C), defined as within 0.5 °C above the biological freezing point of biological tissue, does not exhibit CI symptoms. The effect of NFT on the CI, proline metabolism, and antioxidant capability of peach fruit during storage was studied and compared with 5 °C and 0 °C storage as controls. The results exhibit that NFT completely inhibited the occurrence of CI in peach fruit. NFT significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging capacity. Moreover, the increase of malondialdehyde, ion leakage, and H2O2 accumulation were inhibited remarkably by NFT, and decreases in the contents of phenolics and ascorbic acid were slowed significantly in peach fruit stored at NFT (p < 0.05). Additionally, NFT storage enhanced proline accumulation by modulating the activity of proline metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, the above results suggest that NFT storage can improve the chilling tolerance of peach fruit by regulating the antioxidant defense and proline metabolism, which might represent a potential novel method to store fruits and vegetables for longer storage times. Full article
13 pages, 2546 KiB  
Article
Bipedal Robot Gait Generation Using Bessel Interpolation
by Zhen Wang, Qingfeng Li, Lei Kou, Danni Zheng, Wende Ke and Dongxin Lu
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040201 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel approach to bipedal robot gait generation by proposing a higher-order form through the parameter equation of first-order Bessel interpolation. The trajectory planning for the bipedal robot, specifically for stepping up or down stairs, is established based on a [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a novel approach to bipedal robot gait generation by proposing a higher-order form through the parameter equation of first-order Bessel interpolation. The trajectory planning for the bipedal robot, specifically for stepping up or down stairs, is established based on a three-dimensional interpolation equation. The experimental prototype, Roban, is utilized for the study, and the structural sketch of a single leg is presented. The inverse kinematics expression for the leg is derived using kinematic methods. Employing a position control method, the angle information is transmitted to the robot’s joints, enabling the completion of both downstairs simulation experiments and physical experiments with the Roban prototype. The analysis of the experimental process reveals a noticeable phenomenon of hip and ankle joint tilting in the robot. This observation suggests that low-cost bipedal robots driven by servo motors exhibit low stiffness characteristics in their joints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioinspired Sensorics, Information Processing and Control)
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21 pages, 2328 KiB  
Review
Replace or Regenerate? Diverse Approaches to Biomaterials for Treating Corneal Lesions
by Pietro Bonato and Andrea Bagno
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040202 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The inner structures of the eye are protected by the cornea, which is a transparent membrane exposed to the external environment and subjected to the risk of lesions and diseases, sometimes resulting in impaired vision and blindness. Several eye pathologies can be treated [...] Read more.
The inner structures of the eye are protected by the cornea, which is a transparent membrane exposed to the external environment and subjected to the risk of lesions and diseases, sometimes resulting in impaired vision and blindness. Several eye pathologies can be treated with a keratoplasty, a surgical procedure aimed at replacing the cornea with tissues from human donors. Even though the success rate is high (up to 90% for the first graft in low-risk patients at 5-year follow-up), this approach is limited by the insufficient number of donors and several clinically relevant drawbacks. Alternatively, keratoprosthesis can be applied in an attempt to restore minimal functions of the cornea: For this reason, it is used only for high-risk patients. Recently, many biomaterials of both natural and synthetic origin have been developed as corneal substitutes to restore and replace diseased or injured corneas in low-risk patients. After illustrating the traditional clinical approaches, the present paper aims to review the most innovative solutions that have been recently proposed to regenerate the cornea, avoiding the use of donor tissues. Finally, innovative approaches to biological tissue 3D printing and xenotransplantation will be mentioned. Full article
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19 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
Biological Control of Pseudomonas syringae in Tomato Using Filtrates and Extracts Produced by Alternaria leptinellae
by Carlos García-Latorre, Sara Rodrigo and Oscar Santamaria
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040334 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Endophytic fungi offer promising alternatives for sustainable plant disease management strategies, often through the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of filtrates and extracts, produced under controlled conditions, from Alternaria leptinellae E138 against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato plants [...] Read more.
Endophytic fungi offer promising alternatives for sustainable plant disease management strategies, often through the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of filtrates and extracts, produced under controlled conditions, from Alternaria leptinellae E138 against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. To understand the main mechanisms involved in biocontrol, the direct inhibition of bacterial growth and disruption of quorum sensing activity caused by metabolites were studied in vitro, as well as indirect mechanisms, such as their capacity to produce phytohormone-like substances, nutrient mobilization, and antioxidant activity, which can enhance plant growth and fitness. Moreover, a mass spectrometry analysis was used to tentatively identify the secondary metabolites present in the extract with antimicrobial properties, which could explain the biocontrol effects observed. Mycopriming assays, involving the direct treatment of tomato seeds with the fungal A. leptinellae E138 extracts, produced increased germination rates and seedling vigor in tomato seeds. As another treatment, postemergence application of the extracts in greenhouse conditions significantly improved plant health and resulted in a 41% decrease in disease severity. Overall, this study underscores the potential of A. leptinellae E138 extract as a plant growth promoter with biocontrol capabilities, offering promising avenues for sustainable plant disease management. Full article
15 pages, 3607 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Growth Dynamics of Neuronal Cells Cultured on Directional Surfaces
by Cristian Staii
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040203 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
During the development of the nervous system, neuronal cells extend axons and dendrites that form complex neuronal networks, which are essential for transmitting and processing information. Understanding the physical processes that underlie the formation of neuronal networks is essential for gaining a deeper [...] Read more.
During the development of the nervous system, neuronal cells extend axons and dendrites that form complex neuronal networks, which are essential for transmitting and processing information. Understanding the physical processes that underlie the formation of neuronal networks is essential for gaining a deeper insight into higher-order brain functions such as sensory processing, learning, and memory. In the process of creating networks, axons travel towards other recipient neurons, directed by a combination of internal and external cues that include genetic instructions, biochemical signals, as well as external mechanical and geometrical stimuli. Although there have been significant recent advances, the basic principles governing axonal growth, collective dynamics, and the development of neuronal networks remain poorly understood. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of nonlinear dynamics for axonal growth on surfaces with periodic geometrical patterns. We show that axonal growth on these surfaces is described by nonlinear Langevin equations with speed-dependent deterministic terms and gaussian stochastic noise. This theoretical model yields a comprehensive description of axonal growth at both intermediate and long time scales (tens of hours after cell plating), and predicts key dynamical parameters, such as speed and angular correlation functions, axonal mean squared lengths, and diffusion (cell motility) coefficients. We use this model to perform simulations of axonal trajectories on the growth surfaces, in turn demonstrating very good agreement between simulated growth and the experimental results. These results provide important insights into the current understanding of the dynamical behavior of neurons, the self-wiring of the nervous system, as well as for designing innovative biomimetic neural network models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetics Models of Cellular Motility)
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12 pages, 1113 KiB  
Article
Development of High-Voltage Electrodes for Neutron Scattering Sample Environment Devices
by Guoliang Sun, Tingting Guo, Bao Yuan, Xiaojing Yang and Guang Wang
Instruments 2024, 8(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020026 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The sample environment is essential to neutron scattering experiments as it induces the sample under study into a phase or state of particular interest. Various sample environments have been developed, yet the high-voltage electric field has rarely been documented. In this study, Bruce [...] Read more.
The sample environment is essential to neutron scattering experiments as it induces the sample under study into a phase or state of particular interest. Various sample environments have been developed, yet the high-voltage electric field has rarely been documented. In this study, Bruce electrodes with various sectional geometries and chamber sizes were examined by using simulation modeling based on ANSYS Maxwell. A large uniform field region where samples would sit could be achieved in the planar region for all specifications, but the size of the region and the field strength varied with the gap distance between electrodes. The edging effect was inherently observed even for bare electrodes, about 1.7% higher in the sinusoidal region than the planar region, and was significantly deteriorated when a chamber was applied. This effect, however, presented an exponential decrease as the minimum distance between the electrode edge and the chamber shell increased. A compromise between the spatial confinement and the achievable field (strength and uniform region) could be reached according to the unique applicability of neutron instruments. This research provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent design and manufacturing of high-voltage sample environment devices. Full article

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